English - Huckleberry Finn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English - Huckleberry Finn - Research Paper Example Huck outcome of his adventures is he finally owns a lot of money which he puts in the bank for safety purposes. Huck used to live with a widow called Miss Watson who was a kind but oppressive woman. They were staying together with Miss Watson sister after he was adoption (Twain 109). The start of the book depicts Huck sadness with the new life after his adoption. The level of cleanliness, mannerisms, attendance of both school and the church, does not thrill him. However, he perseveres after his friend challenges him to stay respectable if he wants to join Tom new gang. Huck lives a comfortable life until the reemergence of his drunken father who surfaces in town and claims a share of Huck money. The neighboring judge ,but a new judge who comes to their town believes in Hucks biological fathers’ right and goes to an extent of accommodating him in his home with a view of reforming him. He does all these so as to give custodial rights to Huck father; the judge fails as Pap, Hucks father revert to his past unethical behavior. He stays in town for some months distressing his son as he has already learned reading and tolerance of the widow habit to transform him into a better person. Outraged by Pap’s behavior, the widow orders him to keep away from her residence. This results in Pap kidnapping Huck and puts him across the riverbanks in a small cabin. The father locks Huck in the cabin and goes to drink and thereafter beats him mercilessly when he comes back home drunk. Huck escapes after the confinement and aggressive daily beatings. He accomplishes to escape to freedom after slaughtering a pig and spreading blood in the cabin in the pretext of his death. He hid on a highland found at the heart of Mississippi river as he watches people from the town search for his corpse. He meets Jim, who is a slave of Miss Watson, a few days later on the island. He has chosen to escape listening to the widow conversation on her intention to sell her to another planta tion near the river. He is afraid of inhumane treatment in the other plantation and separation from his family. They join forces despite Huck conviction on the moral obligation of offering his help to a fugitive slave (Twain 145). During one of their camping expedition in the island, they come across a dead man with bullet shots. They find him inside a house on a raft as they try capturing it with an aim of looting the house. Jim prohibits Huck from having a glimpse of the face of the dead man. They are forced to move out of the island after Hucks gets information that another man suspects that Jim stays in the highland. The man justifies his statement by stressing the smoke that emanates from the island. They proceed to the states that condone slavery up the river. On their way to St. Loise, they come into contact with robbers on a ruined steamboat. They finally escape with the thieves’ loot. One night, both Huck and Jim, meet a group of young men in search of fugitive slave s. Huck lie to the group by informing them that his father is suffering in the raft infected with small pox. The men offer Huck money and disappear as they are afraid of the infectious disease. Their raft is hit by a steam boat, and the two of them are alienated. He finds himself in Grangerford’s family. The elopement of a Grangerford daughter elopes with Shepherdson son resulting to a gun cross fire that leads to the murder of numerous

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay Example for Free

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay The historical emergence of Europeans during the 17th century was synonymous to providing fundamental influence to the American- Indian and especially the New England. This was evidence of the religious rejuvenation that went across to these cultures as affected by the Europeans. Historically, the early European missionaries brought quite a broad diversity of activity in the eastern parts of North America as at 17th century. However, New England was perhaps the central point with which such influence was mostly affected. This was from the long activity of religious autonomy campaign by the European with the Puritans who wanted to make a win to the Massachusetts, Wampanoags, the Nipmucks, and also the New France. Elsewhere, the Jesuits were in their dreary efforts of making a conversion to the nation of Huron. From the encounters of evaluation promulgated from these two races of religious encounters, it is passively implied that the European missionaries had a substantial colonial influence and expansion across the broad analysis of the European colony. This also led to an influential changes in the approach mechanism in which the Europeans through the French Jesuits as well as the English Puritans undertook to ignite religious influence in India. 1 Though the religious development triggered to the New England by the Europeans in the 17th century have largely been outspoken by many scholars, Bruce Trigger came in the 18th century to reshape the phenomenal dispensation as prototyped by many old scholars. This is from the new findings in the fundamental relationship between Jesuit-Huron in the Indians of the New England. Socio-economically, New England had its settlement based on primary societal independence and families who were middle farmers. They had an adherence to a radical state of nominal accreditation where their colonial autobiography was defined by the voluntaristic Puritanism to their conceptual purposes. Historically, the seventeenth century European missionaries are credited to the creation of the more Godly community for the American Indian in New England. This is exampled by the protestation by the militant European groups in the Europe which sensitized a harmonious state of living for the people with a call for one another’s Godly relationship and in pursuit of the nature laws. 1 However, the epochs of the people embracing Christianity was never a simple activity for the Indians who disagreed of the hefty Christianity exhortations by the European missionaries. However, their will to embracing Christianity would only be subject voted by the religious development into Christianity of such ordinary people within the Indians population in England. This culture was rigidly bound to the people and that 90% of the total population in Massachusetts were largely obliged to such exemplary life led by the ordinary settlers. However, from 1616-1619, Wampanoag Indians started providing radical changes to their religious autonomy to start giving into a greater depth of the Christianity philosophies and teachings brought by the Europeans. 2 The religious divine-ship of the American-Indians in the 17th century was credited to the worshipping of animals. However, the coming in of the European missionaries in the spread of Christianity was a benchmark in support for a revolution and the long held system of religious sacrifice by the people. The conception and religious importance held on animals as their gods also implies the benchmark and the stepping-stone for the start of King Philip War in the 17th century. To the American-Indians, animals were important source religious sanctity. Accordingly, the domestication of pigs and also cattle was a big historical malady in shaping the religious outcast and the believes of the Indians in the New England by the 17th century. The effect of these domesticated animals did not only provide change in environmental conception where the other animals were hunted and killed above been moved in the forests to provide a humble environment for the pigs and also cows to adequately graze. The religious conception of these people in New England before the Europeans intervention in the 17th century was defined in parametric measures of the domesticated animals. These animals brought exorbitant changes to the land and its resource environment. Elsewhere, they had a great religious impact where the people’s minds, hearts and also their behavior changed considerably with the effect of the broad array of the effect brought by animals. Animals had a long held spiritual endowment. They provided sanctification to the people when they consumed them. However, these were traditions whose effect was to readily be uprooted by the incoming of the Europeans. Â  The American-Indians in New England by 17th century had a description of Manitou for many animals such as foxes, deer, rabbits and the bears. New England had a great religious believe and adoration in which they described the nominal deities to even take the animal forms. They therefore had various adorns to various symbolic images by certain animals or even specific animal body part. Animals had a preferential significance of power and a brim of ornamental conception which netted the religious autonomy of the Indians in the New England in 17th century. In their folklores as well as Christian cosmologies, animals had a great figuration. For example, the Christ crucifixion blood was commemorated by the red breasts of the robin. Elsewhere, bad luck was signified by crows as well as black cats. Again, the disturbing portents to the death were implied by the ravens, owls and pigeons. A change in weather was fundamentally depicted by swallows, dogs and pigs. 3 The pre-emergence of the Europeans in New England therefore was a companionate imagery of a long implied perception which was in the nature proclaimed by animals. The regular interaction with the animals by the Americans Indians was therefore allied to developing fortunes of human expectations in the correspondence of the various behavioral conceptions that were in these animals. Due to the religious implication and relationship with animals by these people, they had a greater diversity of imminent relationship with the animals than on a divine being. This is perhaps the reason behind their short run rejection of the Christianity by the European missionaries in the 17th century. The emergence of these Europeans was preaching on the believe in a divine supernatural being who was only implied through mere religious believe and adoration. To them, a believe in such a being operating beyond the framework of the physical environment was only a mythological imagery and could not act to provide such a strong religious and godly foundation to what they had on animals. To the Europeans, a great transplantation of civilization echoed in New England. This was a formal compound of change in the speech formalities of the old word, religious and also politics. The nature of the New England is historically described as getting its fundamental shape from the influence of the old world shape by the Europeans. Through their implications, civilization and renaissance which was characterized by change in the religious, political and economic backgrounds was now changing to capture more coherent status of living in New England. The emergence of Europeans in the New England was a concise drive to reformation where the ties bound by the pilgrim colonial was now to be abandoned. This was the foremost trend which fostered great sigh of changing New England primitivism. It was the impact of the shaping tool of protestant revolution hinged to the old and native European revolters that entered the New England. 8 The fatal implications of the Europeans in the England were the revolutionary landmark of renaissance which saw various structures including religious and political autonomy. The surging Europeans in New England brought a great drive of religious awakening. They highly helped to break down the ties of the effect of colonization entrenched to many godly doctrines than a fundamental pursuit of economic autonomy. The so called the English Puritans were the injecting power in which the Indians got a favorable renaissance reshaping that even provided a better room for expansion into the broad old world’s system of identity. To the Europeans, waging spiritual life to the Indians in the New England was perhaps the most important go ahead step which was even to help see the state in a changing periphery. The intention of European missionary in New England was to transplant a divine worship system of Christianity which would capture various fundamental aspects such as praying, self studying as well as struggling against various remote evil inclinations to the society. The essence of evangelism to the American-Indians was to provide new grounds of spiritual conceptions on the God’s sovereignty in which it was seen as a tool for absconding the dogmatism fed to the traditional society of the medieval traditions. The essence of been a protestant was to move as per the codes of absolute standards and sovereignty as promulgated by the will of the God and not the dogmatic apprehension of false gods held by the Indians in worshipping animals. In a light spot, the religious awakening in believe of God among these people came into growth in the mid 1630’s. This was a revolution and renaissance adjudication which was perhaps rejuvenating the traditionalism and the religious backwardness operating within the societal structures of American Indians. Basically, the European Puritans had a lot of religious conceptions to pass over to the people. At the late 1930’s the New England old world’s conceptions were now changing with the people developing a mysterious imagery and preconception of the divine God. The people were developing an essence of humanity build on will of immanent God. There was a revolution adversity in believe of such a supernatural being which even led to changing structures of the societal imagery to incorporate to a greater depth a mysterious preoccupation and believe of a wonderful God. The teaching of the puritans about God was that He was compelled of love with a low preoccupation of vengeance as well as cruelty. The teachings by the European missionaries about God were standing to develop a fundamental strength. The American-Indians grasped the immanent sovereignty of such a God which gave them a special accord providence. The basic concept that would however draw them away from the will of such a divine God was the effects of sins which were the activities done by them and went against the will of this God. The emergence of Christianity in New England was however compounded by the influence of secular concerns. The people had precepts and contributions into farming home-building, governance, practicing folks as well as trading. With the new strength of absorbing a believe in God, humans contentment through Godly pleasure was now beginning to be a precious preoccupation amongst a diverse outlay of sources of pleasure. They turned to worshipping such vengeful God with deep characteristics of personal tenderness. With the changing believe and imageries on God, the people were starting to observe other structures such as economy and also state governance as facets proclaimed by the command and will of God. This engineered revolutionary autonomy in both civil as well as civil factors within the New England. Through this outlay, the Indians started to reshape their thinking about the conception on the God’s will for the state of governance and state leadership as shadowed to strong believers. From this new development in the societal conception, the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay had the establishment of a theocratic site for Puritans which would even help to strengthening the spread and development of Christianity within the community at a faster status. This was the first trading corporation held in England and whose administration was only alleged to specific personalities proclaimed of having a strong hood of religious authority. However in 1645, political crisis developed to subdivide the New England into two. Those who proclaimed the foundation of Christianity and those who did not. However, in a speech by Winthrop in 1645, the state religious believe was liberal and capturing two outlooks; the natural conception which was the state of the old believe of the natural god and the federal which was personal liberty of exercise his/her religious imageries. The natural liberty provided one’s choice on either well or even evil. Through this believe, one was to continue growing evil. However, the federal was a preconception aimed at creating honesty and good. 5 Analytically, the European Puritanism had two impacts of development in New England. These were both orthodoxy as well as nonconformity. The orthodoxy implication had its development throughout the whole 17th century which was a controversial development on the state of reformation to protestant. The nonconformity concept was alleged to the influence of religious development to the impact of preventing conscience liberty to think and do as people’s wishes. Generally, the emergence of the European Puritans in the New England was a crucial preoccupation which provided a yard for change in the social structures in England. The philosophical dogmatism held in the modalities of state leadership and governance, religion, economic standard was now given an important boost through the changes in the people’s conception about the divine relationship with God. Various philosophical theories of statements such as absolutism were now eroded. Accordingly, the state of governance in the state was modeled from the changing perceptions prototyped from the states of religious autonomy from the people. The New England was in a state of revolution with a model for social revolutions and compactness driving the society before outdoing the prehistoric sediments which were compounded mythologies about the state of the cosmos and the universe. Through the new gazing fundamental conceptions, the people were now developing new formalities of society governance where the society would engage in the broad governance as opposed to the role of absolutist king who dwelt in the control of the society. The state of the society was now beginning to reshape in the manner with which social contracts were now beginning in the development from their status of natural state of liberty as well as the regulation by the civil society. Therefore, European missionaries can be described as providing an elaborate tool for revolution, renaissance and changing social status in which the old world mythological conception of the society was getting a reawakening to newer and a more development conscious stakeholder-ship. The government and development structures of the New England are absolutely rooted to what Europeans did for it

Vienna in the Classical Period

Vienna in the Classical Period This essay will review the information which justify the question: Why was Vienna such an important cultural centre in classical period? First of all I will refer to the city of Vienna in which a great civilization was developed in the past and actually in classical period. Vienna is characterized as the cultural capital of Europe, until today. In 1918 Vienna was designated the capital of Austria which was one of the four countries which were containing the Multi Empire of Habsburg. Also classical period refers to the period that began around 1750 and ended in 1830. So this essay will provide the cultural development of eighteenth century which took place in Vienna. During the late eighteenth century Vienna attracted composers from across Europe. Composers like Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven were drawn to the city by patronage of Habsburgs who were willing to support the music.  [1]  Furthermore during the eighteenth century, except of the music development, a cultural development in the field of architecture and arts occured. The words elegance, grace, symmetry and restrain are the most suitable words for the tendencies of the music, of art and the architecture of that period.  [2]  Also in classical period a development in theatre and opera style was noticed. Furthermore there is confusion between the words cultural and civilization. Most people believe that, these two words refer to the same thing, but there is a difference, which will be explained bellow, to make sense what is mean by cultural centre. When we talk about civilization we mean the tradition, the customs, the habits, the intellectual and artistic development of particular country or city. It is a way of creating one state in which lives and activates a society, with education. On the other hand cultural is the approach monument of development of previous civilisations as historical objects and also the study of them. Cultural means cultivation and development. It is the knowledge of an object. So that is the difference between civilizations and cultural. When we mention in cultural centre we mean the study of the objects that happened or developed in this particular place and the study of the civilization in this time. So this essay will explain what happened in Vienna in classical period and which areas developed culturally. The Habsburg Empire during the eighteenth century became one of the greatest Dynastic States in Europe and Austria was one of the countries, were consisting the rule of the Habsburg Empire. Since the sixteenth century Vienna had been under the threat of the Turks but in 1685 Austria achieved to defeat the Turks and drove them back to Hungary.  [3]  The territories of the Habsburg Empire were located in eastern and south-central Europe. As David F. Good mentions in his book Vienna was the geographical nucleus centre of the Empire and so the city famed historical importance.  [4]  While Austria was under the Habsburg Crown it was an autonomous state,  [5]  and was ruling in most territories of the Empire. After the death of Charles VI Archduke in October in 1740, his daughter Maria Theresa, who was born in Vienna, took the rule.  [6]  She was regarded as the greatest of the Habsburgs rules.  [7]  When she became empress she was 40 years and led the Austria in a golden era. Maria Theresa spread the education and she introduced 500 public schools. She helped the industry growth and put lower taxes on the products. Thus she improved the economy. She also reformed the army and the legal system. Maria also contributed in the developed of Classical music as it was the main development in that period. Maria and her 16 children performed operas and dances. In 1762, Maria Theresa presented Vienna with the forts performance of Glucks innovation opera Orpheus and Eurydice.  [8]  Joseph II, Marias Theresas was the continuer of her activities, from 1780 until 1790. He was another one zealous reformer, who abolished the selfdom and he secularized the religious properties.  [9]   It is known that when, the economy of a country is going very well and the only occupation of its habitants it is not the struggle of survival, they turn to the development of their civilization. They turn to the development of arts and they are giving importance to education. During the classical period the economy of Austria was going very well and that contributed to be their only concern the cultural development. That made Vienna a cultural centre and wider the capital of Europe. The elements of civilization that were developed in Vienna in classical period were music, the theatre the architecture, and the arts like painting and sculpture. In ancient times the music accompanied the people in their activities, which the most of them were religious. But the ideological difference of Renaissance changed the data. During the eighteenth century music gained its own ground and released from the religiosity. In that period composers from all over the Europe were drawn to Vienna by the patronage of Habsburgs. That period, European music enriched from instruments. Further Vienna could be characterized also as the capital of serious music because it hosted important representatives of the great European traditional. The famous composers all of the time, who were considered as the three monsters of classical period and contributed with their remarkable musical work, to be the city of Vienna such an important cultural centre were Haydn Mozart and Beethoven. Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrou, in Austria he considered as the father of symphony. Additionally it is necessary to mention that in 1797, Haydn became the composer of the Austrian national anthem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser. In 1803, the city of Vienna gave to Haydn the large golden Salvator -medal, and during the 1804 became an honour citizen of Vienna. After his dead he took the sympathy of Viennese people and they called for his honour his cemetery as the Haydn Park.  [10]   Likewise Mozart, the musical genius born in Salzburg, in Austria. His father, Leopold, as a violin teacher, recognized soon, the musical talent of his son. By the age of 5 Mozart started to compose minuets. His fame as a great musician began by the age of 6, when the family invited from the Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna and there he played piano. Then Mozart started travelling in European countries with high music culture and he was conducting concerts, but he decide to move back to Vienna, because he believed that it was the best place for him to stay. He lived in Vienna many creative and successful years,  [11]  where he became a great concert organizer and a piano virtuoso, a conductor and an important composer. Also he composed many sonatas, strings quartet and operas which still heard until nowadays. In the same way, Beethoven is classified in the list of most famous composers of classical period. He born in Bonn, in Germany, moved to the note musical centre, Vienna with the ambition to be a great and famous composer as Haydn and Mozart.  [12]  The dream of Beethoven became true. He appeared in concerts in Vienna as a pianist, since he established as the city pianist. He also composed remarkable sonatas and symphonies. Beethoven became the first successful freelance of Vienna.  [13]  The musical life works of that composers still hearing until nowadays and the visitors of Vienna go to the capital of classical music to enjoy live that great works. The theatre as well noticed a great development in Austria and especially in Vienna, which became the city of religious drama. During the Middle Ages developed three forms of theatre, the Jesuit drama, the commedia Dell Arte and the Italian Opera. That forms underlie the theatre of eighteenth century and figured the Vienna one of the most attractive theatrical cultures of Europe. The popular theatre appeared for the first time in 1711, with the contribution of Josef Stranitzky who was an improvisational player and led the Karntnerto Theater in Vienna to take over by an Italian company. Stranitzky was instantly supported by the populace. But in the second half of eighteenth century the improvisation gradually started to disappear from the theatrical stage. In the late eighteenth century in 1791, appeared one of the greatest theatrical productions, in Vienna.  [14]   Additionally, during the eighteenth century, Vienna flourished and became a cosmopolitan centre. The architecture of the city was characterized by bulky building which beautified the skyline. Those buildings do not have the style of early medieval buildings but many of those Gothic buildings had the style of older foundations. Let have a look where has its roots the architecture of eighteenth century. During the 1300s the architecture of the churches was based on the Hallenkirche (hall church), which it was German style. The St. Stephans Cathedral, where the famous composer of classical period Haydn performed from his childhood as tenor, has the style of Hallenkirche. In Renaissance other buildings were not built up, because the Turks, who besieged the city periodically from 1529 until the 1680, were allowing only the strength of Viennas fortifications.  [15]   Austrias architects started to produce in the golden age of Austria baroque architecture, when the Leopold I, was ruling. Johan Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, (1656-1723) was an architect, who took elements from the Italianate baroque and tried to approximate them to the Viennese style. He was the architect of Maria Theresas Schonbrum Palace and his work characterized by a restrained and monumental style. The palace has the style of rococo which developed in the early eighteenth century and has similarities with the baroque style. The Schonbrum Palace and the other building of rococo style were gilded stucco with brightly colored frescoes. After Fischer another architect became famous for his design, Johann Lukans von Hildebrand (1668 -1745). The Belvedere Palace of Prince Eugene, designed by Hildebrand with interlocking cubes and a style of slopping mansard roof. So that provides the influence from Fischer von Erlach. Also the Schahwarzenberg Palace in Vienna was designed by Hildebran d.  [16]   The Viennese architects in eighteenth century were using the neoclassical architecture styles. They approximated the classical architect of Greeks and Romans. They used cleaner lines in their designs and squarer. The buildings were bulkier and they had preponderance of columns. Further painting and sculpture remarked a development during the eighteenth century. Bernardo Bellotto, who was a pupil of his uncle famous Painter Venetian, Canalrtto, invited from Maria Theresa to make the city flat with clear light, details and accuracy. Bellottos painting can be characterized as social, historical and artistic documents. Martin van Meysten was another one famous painter of eighteenth century. Meysten composed his cavances with clumsiness and they are overburdened. Those cavances are the best of Austrian courts balls and receptions. In 1730, he became the manager of Fine Arts Academy in Vienna.  [17]   Also the sculpture developed during the classical period in Vienna. There were three famous sculptors who stayed in history for their remarkable works. The first was Georg Raphael Donner, who made the bronzes of the Fountain of Providence in the Neuer Mark and it has life-size. Also Bathasar Permoser created the equestrian statues, which was located in the courtyard of the Belvedere Palace. Further Balthasar Moll was the third famous sculptor and created the double sarcophagus for Maria Theresa and his husband Frances Stephan. Sarcophagus located in the Kapuzinerkirche. Franz Xaver Messerschmidt was a habitant of Vienna and he is famous for his portrait bust. Franz made the portrait of famous representatives as Maria Theresa, of her son Joseph II and others.  [18]   In addition the economic prosperity in Vienna in eighteenth century fostered the conditions of intellectual Rise. Greeks immigrants contributed in this as they created a Greek colony in Vienna when they left from the Greece to escape from the chaos that prevailed in the country at the long of Turkish rule. The ideas of the enlightenment found in Vienna fertile ground. Before the French revolution scholars clergy like Anthimos Gajis, Neofitos Doukas and Constantinos Koumas made Vienna the most important intellectual centre. In that period strong editorial activity at the Greek printings in Vienna was noticed; which were printing books of philosophy, of science of mathematics, of geography pedagogical and also medical books.  [19]   To conclude undoubtedly Vienna developed a great civilization in classical period and was characterised from many people as a cultural centre and as the capital of classical music because activated there the most famous composers all of the times. Fairly, we can give to Vienna these characterizations. In this contributed the great Dynastic, the Habsburg Empire, mainly Maria Theresa and his son Joseph II. It is known that Maria Theresa contributed to the rise and aid of the economy of Vienna, which was not very good, because of the wars conductor in classical period. Maria Theresa was an admirable empress who achieved to strengthen the economy of Vienna by stimulating the industry. She lowered the taxes and she gave importance on the establishment of schools. The cultural development of each nation is based on the education of the people who live in an organized society. Also it is important to refer to the Greeks immigrants who created a colony in Vienna and by this contributed in the rise of Viennas economy. Greeks developed a strong economic activity and they dealt with the commercial and they made Vienna in the eighteenth century a commercial crossroad. Hence, the economy of Vienna was going very well. The civilization found, fertile ground to develop in all aspects and the Vienna became a great intellectual and cultural centre. Finally Vienna, fairly took the title of a cultural centre Because in that city in eighteenth century and especially in classical period, all the aspects of civilization as the music, the architecture, the painting and the sculpture developed. As mentioned before, cultural means the study of an object, the cultivation and the development of a particular place in a particular period. Thus Vienna can be characterised as one of the most important cultural centres in classical period.

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie The new release of Romeo and Juliet is fun, fast and exciting to watch. It is a slick cinematic rendition of Shakespeare's work brought to the screen for contemporary movie-goers. There is something for everyone in this movie. A timeless story, a dynamic cast, a hip soundtrack, great sets and costumes and plenty of action. From the beginning the audience is told," buckle up, this Romeo and Juliet ride is going to be like no other Shakespeare you've ever ridden." This movie supports the notion that the stage is an actor's medium and the cinema is the director's. Romeo and Juliet is a feast for the eyes and does a great job of engaging the audience with the story at all times through various cinematic techniques and tricks which make understanding Shakespeare fun, interesting, fresh and easy. Visually dynamic, and edited with a sense of urgency, most movie-goers will get caught up in the story and forget that they are listening to the Bard. It is Shakespeare's words and text, however, the sights and sounds are as clearly, possibly overshadowing, telling the same parallel story. One could say that there are visually emotional subtitles throughout the movie directing the audience to understand and engage in the most famous love story in an entirely new way. One can argue that this version of Romeo and Juliet would be understood even without spoken words. The camera-work tells the story as clearly as the text. There are very few moments in this movie when the camera stops moving. Like Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers the editing is fierce and in your face. There is little time to think as the perpetual images flash across the screen. And it works. You become entranced and cannot wait to see what happens next even if you are already familiar with the story. It feels new. Like many contemporary Shakespeare productions, the text has been slightly edited but this does nothing to dilute the story. The dialogue, for the most part, is not delivered by master thespians, rather, we hear contemporary film actors delivering the Bard's words as though this were present day English in New York or Los Angeles.

Principles of Management Essay

1. Discuss three (3) different methods of effecting change. Use practical examples from your experience or knowledge, and describe your experience in implementing change. Change will not be effortlessly implemented without an implementation plan or a framework. Change is often implemented in order to resolve issues, concerns, or setbacks to make situations or conditions more desirable. (National Defense University, 2008) It must then follow a process, called research, in order to identify what changes are to be made and how changes are to be implemented. The initial step is to identify the problem or the issue that is to be resolved through change. Next, there should be sufficient background information that supports the pressing need for change. Then it is time to come up with several changes that are suited to solve the problem. Once the most important plan of change is determined, the question of how the change will be implemented should be answered. This includes the plan of action, rules and regulations, etc. Overall, the implementation plan abovementioned solidifies the need to implement change, and becomes a guide to direct an organization in realizing its goals by lessening confusion and ambiguity. Another method to effect change is to involve everyone concerned. In this way, individuals easily accept and adapt to the changes lessening pressure, stress, confusion, and chaos. Moreover, information circulated for everyone involved should be clear, extensive, flexible, and reasonable. For instance, there is a need to revamp the structure of organization through reappointment. Therefore, laying out the reasons for such action is important. These reasons should be evenhanded and logical. Reappointing, hiring, or even laying off should also be reasonable and explicated to employees. The change should also be open to pleas and petitions from employees with consideration to accomplishments, position, character, etc. The entire process is most effectively done through a meeting, with the aid of a well-researched and written report containing all necessary information. (Actalpha, 2008) In this way, change in the structure of the organization, as an example, is unquestionable and easily accepted due to facts. Personally, being informed about future changes makes it easy to accept expected results and outcomes, and lessens fear, resistance and difficulties to implement changes. Lastly, it is most important to set rules to follow on how everyone is to observe the changes implemented. Consistency is vital in allowing effortless adaptation of changes and the facilitation of submission to these changes. Monitoring and supervision would assist in accomplishing this method of change management. (Caroll, 2008) 2. Why are most organizations and individuals resistant to change? What can managers do to facilitate change? As the saying goes, change is inevitable. Although organizations cannot avoid having to implement changes every now and then, its members are more often than not resistant to change. This is because change is accompanied by adjustment and undeterminable outcomes. For organizations, resistance to change is mainly caused by the fear of loss or defeat once changes are implemented. (Bacal, 2008) Organizations and its members are driven by success and the accomplishment or realization of organizational goals and objectives. The primary purpose of change is to improve organizational structure and atmosphere; however, there is always the fear of failure or a letdown if changes that are implemented backfires and does not prove to be sufficient nor appropriate to develop and redirect the organizational situation. To lessen these fears, ambiguity, or apprehensions regarding organizational changes, the manager should be able to utilize his command to facilitate change. As aforementioned in order to answer the previous question, managers should be able to assure the organization and its members that a change is necessary. Assessing all the aspects related to change is also needed. It is the most basic and the most important process in facilitating change. This is carried out through extensive research analysis, plan mapping, formulation of action plans or process maps, etc. These written reports and plans shall be distributed to everyone involved who will be affected by the planned changes to be implemented. Once information is distributed to the members of the organization, managers should conduct a training program or a seminar workshop to initiate a discussion about the issues related to the type of change, and to prepare members of the organization for changes in roles and responsibilities, rules and regulations, salary, etc. through training and workshop. (Southeast Association of Facilitators, 2007) After the training program or seminar workshop, the management is now able to implement the changes formally. At this point, rules and regulations should be observed strictly and consistently in order to sustain the transition from the old to the new working situation or environment.

Mangement and Leadership

Management and Leadership Cortnie Edwards MGT/330 December 19, 2011 Alecia Cummings Management and Leadership Habitat for Humanity was founded in 1976 by Millard and Linda Fuller. The couple had a dream of following their Christian lifestyle and helping others in need. They wanted to help families living in poverty and build new homes. The idea was they would build housed with no profit and charge no interest. â€Å"The concept that grew into Habitat for Humanity International was born at Koinonia Farm, a small, interracial, Christian farming community founded in 1942 outside of Americus, Ga. , by farmer and biblical scholar Clarence Jordan.Building would be financed by a revolving Fund for Humanity. The fund's money would come from the new homeowners' house payments, donations and no-interest loans provided by supporters and money earned by fund-raising activities. The monies in the Fund for Humanity would be used to build more houses† (â€Å"Thrivent Builds With Habitat For Humanity â€Å",  2011). The organization took off with unbelievable results. The Fullers took their organization internationally and have now since built over 400,000 homes. Leading and managing an organization such as Habitat for Humanity involves a multitude of diverse ideas, visions, and people. What is the difference between management and leadership? It is a question that has been asked more than once and also answered in different ways. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do† (â€Å"Leadership Vs. Management†,  2002-2011). Habitat for Humanity starts with the board of directors. Habitat for Humanity International board members oversee the direction of Habitat’s activities worldwide as the organization works to eradicate substandard housing.Directors are elected to two-year terms that may be renewed four times. They r eceive no compensation for their voluntary service. The board of directors is responsible for affiliate policies and procedures, program development, financial stewardship, supervision of volunteer staff, fundraising, public relations, and legal matters. There are global directors that â€Å"represent the Asia-Pacific region in the global Habitat communications team in the creation and implementation of worldwide brand building, marketing and advocacy initiatives and campaigns.This includes devising Asia-Pacific roll-out strategies; liaising and sharing with peers in other Habitat regions; and coordinating and collaborating with the HQ communications team on global strategies and initiatives† (â€Å"Alertnet†,  2011). The organization is made up mostly of volunteers and describes different levels among the organization as committees. The development, site selection, and public relations committees are just a few of the different leadership levels Habitat for Humanity has. The development committee is responsible for raising funds and for introducing people to our work.This committee is also responsible for special events and outreach to businesses. The site selection committee works with town officials and developers to identifying and evaluating potential sites for new Habitat homes. This committee is always looking for new members with insight into the local real estate market and the inner workings of town government. The public relations committee is responsible for raising awareness of Habitat for Humanity in our service area. Responsibilities include media relations and publishing a quarterly newsletter.In a non-profit organization there is often very little direction offered to volunteers, leaving them with many decisions to be made on their own. There is a lot of focus on the bigger picture, which in this case is to provide as many families as possible with shelter. However, the steps to achieving the overall goals or mission are not as clearly defined as would be in a profit-seeking company. According to the McKinsey Capacity Assessment Grid, Habitat for Humanity exemplifies effective governance.This offers a competitive advantage because the managers’ decisions are aligned with the stakeholders’ interests since the managers may very well be shareholders themselves. The managers definitely devote their time and energy to improve the financial position of the organization so that it can offer assistance to those that require it the most. Habitat for Humanity is such a large organization; it is broken up into chapters, representing different regions of the world. Each chapter consists of different levels of leaders. At the top of the chain is the President. The President is esponsible for setting and distributing agendas for meetings, setting and distributing calendars of events, maintaining a working relationship with the local affiliate, coordinating an open communication with the Office of Student Activities, and keeping chapter focused on its goals. The vice president follows. His responsibilities consist of serving as project manager of chapter build, serving as chapter chaplain, keeping an open communication with the Construction and Horticulture Club, and overseeing family liaison, volunteer coordinator, superintendents, and tools management.Family liaison pursues a relationship with the family that they are building for. They also keep all other members informed of the family's needs. Brainstorms ideas for gifts to family, plans family gatherings, and makes scrapbooks for the family. Volunteer Coordinators are responsible for keeping track of the number of volunteers designated for the build days. Tools management maintains volunteers on the work site through a sign in/out sheet. They may also assign designated tools to each volunteer as needed through sign in/out sheet.Superintendents maintain a close relationship with the VP during the build day. They will often be one of the most experienced on site and will help the Project Manager decide how to go about construction. They may also help educate and designate groups through construction. â€Å"The ability to implement strategies in an organization is one of the most skillful managerial requirements and knowledge that we need in critical aspects to run an organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers and Leaders Can Use to Create and Maintain a Healthy â€Å",  2011). Leaders and managers in an organization can use some factors to create a healthy organizational culture, such factors are social factors, physical setting, technology, organizing arrangements and individual behavior. Leaders and managers are required to have increased resources, perceptive knowledge, and superior talent and enhanced capabilities to continue facilitating processes toward attaining the ultimate objectives, discovering and commercializing safety of the organization.These multiple activities re quire managers and leaders who have the significant of strategies implementation and core competencies and organizational capabilities that create values to changes of the organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers And Leaders Can Use To Create And Maintain A Healthy†,  2011). A strategy is something an organization uses to help it reach its vision and mission. Habitat for Humanity’s global strategy, asks what markets it should be operating in. As a resource based organization, however, this question is less important.The organization is not looking for opportunities to enter new industries and therefore develop new competencies. Rather, it is looking for ways to use its internal strengths and competencies in the market place. Habitat has chosen a global strategy that has them participating only in one type of non-profit industry – mainly the zero-interest mortgage and home building market. If they were to diversify into other non-profi t markets such as non-perishable foods for example, the organization’s few resources may become too spread out and its core competencies would be stretched rendering all activities less effective.If there was a business-level strategy category for Habitat for Humanity, it would definitely have to be one of cost leadership. The land, supplies, and labor are all acquired at low cost or free of charge. This strategy requires a centralized functional structure so that there can be higher rates of efficiency and better methods of meeting the objectives determined. Habitat incorporates this strategy through and through although its focus is on increasing efficiency so that more families can be helped – not to increase profits.Adapting to different cultures, religions, languages, and people are just a few obstacles volunteers face when working with the globalization within Habitat for Humanity. Globalization makes a huge impact on volunteers. The United Nations has designated the first Monday in October as annual World Habitat Day. According to Habitat International, World Habitat Day’s purpose is to call attention to the current global state of the human habitat and push toward adequate housing for all. By raising awareness and advocating for universal decent housing the systems that reinforce and entrench poverty housing can be altered and even changed.Habitat builds dignity through providing a shelter bringing a family closer together, it builds relationships throughout the world, and it builds community. Habitat for Humanity does all of this through globalization. They are helping people all over the world helping people become part of the globalization. Sustainability and Green building are two ways that Habitat is addressing globalization issues. Based on the research I have done on this organization, I found that there are a couple of strategies the organization an use to help obtain more volunteers and build credibility. The first option is partnering up with more trade schools. Students would be able to obtain hands-on experience and at the same time have the opportunity to add valuable volunteer hours to their resume. It would build a lifelong relationship with the institutions in addition to securing help and perhaps setting the tone for students to keep volunteering after graduation. The second strategy would be to obtain a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal to gain credibility.Obtaining a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal would allow Habitat for Humanity to gain credibility in addition to getting more recognition. A lot of community members look to the Better Business Bureau when making decisions as to which businesses to get involved with or which charities to donate to. There may be people that have not heard of Habitat for Humanity but may learn about the organization through the BBB Website. Joining forces with and obtaining recognition from organizations such as the Better Business Bureau could benefit Habitat for Humanity by providing them with the opportunity to acquire even more volunteers.As with any company or organization, there are always opportunities and risks involved. Making the best decisions for the families that are in need is the only way for Habitat to continue with their success. Strong leadership and management will continue to help the organization prosper. Many of the leaders of Habitat had to overcome their own struggles to get where they are today driving them to make the issue of poverty so much more of a priority. Skill, hard work, and their belief in living out God’s word have built this organization to where it is today.References Thrivent Builds with Habitat for Humanity. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. thriventbuilds. com/partnership/habitat/history. html Leadership vs. Management. (2002-2011). Retrieved from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader. htm Alertnet. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. trust. org/al ertnet/jobs/2011-08-26-1458/ http://www. articleclick. com/Article/Strategies-That-Organizational-Managers-and-Leaders-Can-Use-to-Create-and-Maintain-a-Healthy/997166

Chemistry through Entertainment essays

Chemistry through Entertainment essays For many years students have been taught in the traditional classroom setting. You have a teacher, blackboard and a desk. Most students want to learn, but loss interest or are discouraged when they learn above or below the average learning speed. But when students are offered an opportunity that allows them to learn at their own pace and in the comfort of their home the outcomes are unlimited. Allowing students to interact with what they learn has proven time and time again to increase their interest and the amount of information learned and remembered. Many studies have been done that support our groups hypothesis that video games do affect the way a person thinks and acts. Therefore it would only make sense that having a Chemistry video game that taught you chemistry would embed the information that is being taught into the students mind, because of the interaction and having to be aware of what is going on in the game to advance to the next chapter. In our interactive video game w e would have a teacher, just like in the normal classroom setting, but you would read the sections on your own and would play games to show how well you comprehend the information that you had just read. There would also be an option for the section to be read to you. The video game would not allow a student to move on until the game was completed one time through correctly this way the information the student gathers is all correct and he or she knows how the answer was achieved. There are many other ways that students can learn interactively, but we believe that if you are in a comfortable setting (your home or wherever else.) you will have the confidence that is needed to learn and achieve your goals. An interactive video game would allow for people to take the Chemistry class at home. This option would allow many people who are unable to go to school everyday or have a disability to complete a Chemistry course on their own time, yet provide the s...

organ donation essays

organ donation essays As of October 27, 1999, over 66,000 Americans were awaiting an organ transplant. Another 500,000 people could benefit from a tissue transplant. Everybody will pass on eventually, and it is a good idea that they have their mind made up early about weather or not they will be organ donors. All donors need to voice their opinions to their relatives so that they will know what to do when they are gone. I believe every one should be an organ donor because it costs nothing to the donor or his or her family, it causes no funeral or religious conflicts, and one donor can save or help up to 50 or 75 different people. First of all, everyone should be a donor because it costs nothing. The patients care and rights are not compromised at all. There is no discrimination because of race, age, sex, income, or celebrity status. Blood type, length of time on waiting list, severity of illness, and other medical criteria will determine the receiver. The donor could be a poor vagabond and his or her heart could go to David Letterman or Rosie ODonnell. The surgical team that removes the organs is completely different than the team that tried to save your life. There is no added bill to add on to the grief of losing a loved one. Secondly, many people decide not to be a donor because if they do, they will not be able to have an open casket. That is not true. The body is not disfigured or mauled in any way because of organ retrieval. Most of the organs removed are taken out through an incision that wont be seen in a funeral. If the eyes are removed then reconstructive surgery will be performed. This makes the person look like they are normal at his or her funeral. Also skin tissue is only removed from areas not visible while the person lies in a casket. Another reason donating doesnt affect the funeral is that it will not postpone it. The organs are removed in a surgery environmen ...

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Identities of Cardiff, Wales, UK by quantitative evidence - Essay Example Of that total population two-thirds (210,000) are of working age and one-third (110,400) are dependents - children under fifteen, women over the age of 60 and men over the age of 65. In contrast, in Wales outside of Cardiff, a lower percentage of the population is still in the workforce. A mere 1,586,000 or 60% of the population is in the workforce, while 40% are classified as dependents. These means that there are more dependents per thousand workers in Wales than there are in Cardiff. Moreover, in Cardiff dependent children outnumber dependent adults while in the remainder of Wales dependent adults outnumber dependent children. Overall, therefor the population of Cardiff is younger than the population of Wales as a whole. In Cardiff a greater percentage of the population is still in the workforce and dependents about to enter the workforce outnumber dependents who have left the workforce. The general fertility rate in Cardiff is slightly lower than that in the remainder of Wales. The figure per thousand women in Cardiff is 57.2: Slightly less than the Welsh national figure which is 59.4. In the aggregate there are only limited differences between the two areas. However, if birthrate is analyzed by age distinct differences emerge. Simply put, women in Cardiff have children later than women in Wales as a whole. In Wales as a whole the birth rate exceeds that of Cardiff for all women under the age of 30. In Cardiff the opposite is true, the birth rate for women over the age of 29 is greater than the national average.. In terms of population movement and migration the city of Cardiff and Wales as a whole demonstrate similarities. Between 2003 and 2007 the population of Wales increased by 10,320 with 57,200 new arrivals and the departure of only 46,890. Similarly, in-migration increased the population of Cardiff during the same period by 820. While both study areas increased in

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INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PAPER PROPOSAL - Essay Example Like many other Chinese cosmetics companies, Herborist has also recognized the need to expand their operations in new markets and follow and extensive internationalization process while keeping the business rooted to its own unique cultural factors and a differentiated positioning strategy. Herborist is in the business of herbal cosmetic products and is an established name in the herbal care sector of China. The traditionalism and uniqueness of the herbal factor remains the unique selling proposition for the brand which it must capitalize on while entering a new potential market for its expansion process. The international expansion process of a company is guided by many factors which are likely to drive the development of the internationalization success for the company. These factors may include the following: the company may seek growth opportunities through market diversification, the company may seek to increase the revenues and profitability of the business, the company may try to gain ideas about new business processes, products and methods for innovation, the company may aim to serve a wider range of potential customers in new regions, the company may also achieve increased benefits from new supply sources and get the advantages of global sourcing and the company may achieve economies of scale through lost cost and high volume production (Bakker, 2008, pp.117-118). Herborist can focus on entering the market of Russia as a part of their international expansion strategy as this would help the company to achieve all the above mentioned benefits as well as the company will be able to benefit from the interest of the consumers in this country towards herbal skin care products and spa services that Herborist can offer (Deighton, Kornfeld, He and Jiang, 2010, p.10). The Russian cosmetic industry is a developed market in which the customers have much

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Finance - Case Study Example The company’s liquidity position was 2 .3 in the year 2008. This means that for every $1 of liability, the company had $2.3. This is an extremely good ratio indicating that the company can easily payoff of it short-term debts without having to suffer any liquidity problems. Similarly, this ratio is close to the ideal current ratio and indicates that cash not lying idle. In the year 2009, this ratio worsened and came down 1.5 indicating that the company has $1.5 of assets to pay off every $1 of liability. The company can still payoff of its debts easily without having to go through much trouble, given that the large portion of current assets is not tied-up in the form of inventory. In the year 2010, the ratio again improved and came at par with the ratio in the year 2008, showing that there will be no liquidity problems in paying off current liabilities. Going deeper into the analysis and checking the Quick Ratio, we can see that like the current ratio it declined in the year 2 009 from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.5 in 2009. However, it again improved in the year 2010 and came to 0.92. However, this ratio remained really bad during the three years indicating that a large chunk of company’s current resources are tied into inventory and they will have problems in clearing its current debts and liquidity problems look imminent. The ratio remained lower the industry average, but since the company’s ratio is more close to the ideal ratio, we can say that the company is managing its resources better than other companies in the same industry. Inventory Turnover is constantly decreasing from what it was in the year 2008. It was 4.8 in the year 2008 and came down to 4.5 in the year 2009 and 3.86 in the year 2010. This shows that the company’s performance is deteriorating. Similarly, it is not performing to well as compared to the industry average which is around.

A path breaking research in the area of Metrics used in IT industry Paper

A path breaking in the area of Metrics used in IT industry and its effectiveness- Developing new metrics for measuring - Research Paper Example Scope becomes sufficiently measured through observation of the changes required during the implementation process. This paper explores the various metrics utilized in assessment of the efficacy in implementation of these unique IT projects. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODOLOGY 4 Planning 5 Controlling 6 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 6 FINDINGS 9 Project metrics 10 Metrics in IT projects 11 Cost 11 Time 13 Scope 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 18 INTRODUCTION The information technology industry represents a unique characteristic for development projects aimed at providing improved technologies, both in software and hardware sectors. The planning process for the projects remains an essential component for minimizing project failure ultimately assuring success. Poor management of IT projects remains the highest cause of project failures within the industry. It is estimated that this accounts for 54% failure with technical challenges causing 3% (Gulla, 2012). Proper management begins with development of proper plans during the initial project stages. The evaluation process seeks to make an assessment of the project progress during implementation. ... The process will be broken down into different stages which shall follow each other. The waterfall methodology being utilized shall be as indicated in the chart below. Measurement of the various metrics involved in the project will be undertaken following completion of each stage and relevant actions taken, based on the results of performance indexes. Figure 1the waterfall methodology Planning The project planning aspect involves the development of a plan providing guideline towards undertaking a desired development project. This marks the beginning stage of any project being implemented. The element of undertaking sufficient planning remains fundamental in assuring success, or causing ultimate project failure. The planning process involves provision of various aspects of the project, commonly through estimations. These estimations provide guidelines during implementation; hence their accuracy remains essential in assuring success. The provided estimates must remain reflective of act ual figures, with minimal discrepancies. During the project evaluation process, the actual figures become measured against the provided project estimates, established during the planning stages. Poor planning remains the fundamental cause for most project failures. While the planning phase remains fundamental in ensuring success, the numerous aspects involved within the planning phase contribute towards successful implementation. Individuals involved in the planning phase of any projects should ensure that the plans suffice the project requirements. This serves in eliminating and minimizing continuous changes during the project implementation phase. The planning phase should provide a

IT Decision Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion question - Coursework Example Thus, it can be affirmed that this test is appropriate to use while measuring the efficiency of distinct variables that remain present within a study. Similarly, an example of non-parametric test is reckoned to be ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’, which is applied to evaluate three or beyond samples. These tests can be used in the presence of a single nominal and measurement variable and are executed upon ranked data (Hecke, 2010). Investigators ought to make certain basic assumptions to conduct ANOVA. In this regard, the values of errors must be considered as zero with assuming the errors as independent. In this similar context, certain assumptions must also be adhered by the investigators while running ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’. An ordinal scale must be used to assess the two variables. The independent variables must inculcate in excess of two independent groups (Hecke, 2010). The data analysis plan involves a number of steps. These include identifying the research problems, specifying assumptions and drawing references. Specially mentioning, to address the study hypothesis, one can make greater use of ‘multiple t-tests’. By considering the fact that the study hypothesis is based on nursing criteria, one of the measures relating to central tendency i.e. ‘mode’ will be reported for demographic variables. This will aid in measuring all the frequencies of the collected values, making the study hypothesis quite reliable and justified (METU,

A path breaking research in the area of Metrics used in IT industry Paper

A path breaking in the area of Metrics used in IT industry and its effectiveness- Developing new metrics for measuring - Research Paper Example Scope becomes sufficiently measured through observation of the changes required during the implementation process. This paper explores the various metrics utilized in assessment of the efficacy in implementation of these unique IT projects. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODOLOGY 4 Planning 5 Controlling 6 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 6 FINDINGS 9 Project metrics 10 Metrics in IT projects 11 Cost 11 Time 13 Scope 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 18 INTRODUCTION The information technology industry represents a unique characteristic for development projects aimed at providing improved technologies, both in software and hardware sectors. The planning process for the projects remains an essential component for minimizing project failure ultimately assuring success. Poor management of IT projects remains the highest cause of project failures within the industry. It is estimated that this accounts for 54% failure with technical challenges causing 3% (Gulla, 2012). Proper management begins with development of proper plans during the initial project stages. The evaluation process seeks to make an assessment of the project progress during implementation. ... The process will be broken down into different stages which shall follow each other. The waterfall methodology being utilized shall be as indicated in the chart below. Measurement of the various metrics involved in the project will be undertaken following completion of each stage and relevant actions taken, based on the results of performance indexes. Figure 1the waterfall methodology Planning The project planning aspect involves the development of a plan providing guideline towards undertaking a desired development project. This marks the beginning stage of any project being implemented. The element of undertaking sufficient planning remains fundamental in assuring success, or causing ultimate project failure. The planning process involves provision of various aspects of the project, commonly through estimations. These estimations provide guidelines during implementation; hence their accuracy remains essential in assuring success. The provided estimates must remain reflective of act ual figures, with minimal discrepancies. During the project evaluation process, the actual figures become measured against the provided project estimates, established during the planning stages. Poor planning remains the fundamental cause for most project failures. While the planning phase remains fundamental in ensuring success, the numerous aspects involved within the planning phase contribute towards successful implementation. Individuals involved in the planning phase of any projects should ensure that the plans suffice the project requirements. This serves in eliminating and minimizing continuous changes during the project implementation phase. The planning phase should provide a

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion question - Coursework Example Thus, it can be affirmed that this test is appropriate to use while measuring the efficiency of distinct variables that remain present within a study. Similarly, an example of non-parametric test is reckoned to be ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’, which is applied to evaluate three or beyond samples. These tests can be used in the presence of a single nominal and measurement variable and are executed upon ranked data (Hecke, 2010). Investigators ought to make certain basic assumptions to conduct ANOVA. In this regard, the values of errors must be considered as zero with assuming the errors as independent. In this similar context, certain assumptions must also be adhered by the investigators while running ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’. An ordinal scale must be used to assess the two variables. The independent variables must inculcate in excess of two independent groups (Hecke, 2010). The data analysis plan involves a number of steps. These include identifying the research problems, specifying assumptions and drawing references. Specially mentioning, to address the study hypothesis, one can make greater use of ‘multiple t-tests’. By considering the fact that the study hypothesis is based on nursing criteria, one of the measures relating to central tendency i.e. ‘mode’ will be reported for demographic variables. This will aid in measuring all the frequencies of the collected values, making the study hypothesis quite reliable and justified (METU,

Melanin-Based Racial Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Melanin-Based Racial Prejudice Essay Do you think humans are born to be judgmental? We usually make judgments based on what we see first, and most of the time an important factor is skin color. Social racism is known as the discrimination or intolerance of people of other races or skin colors. Racism occurs in many ways; however, it is not always obvious. Where did this type of behavior begin? Racial prejudice has many causes and effects from and on society that are inevitable. There are many ideas thrown around as to how racism began, though the truth lies in the historical facts. From slavery, to imperialism, to wars, we have always felt superior towards others with different skin colors and races. â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† (Mandela, 1994). Racism has been a part of history for as long as humans existed and has been enhanced by early capitalism’s use of slaves for plantations and colonies. Back then, the colonists and imperialists used it as a way to show domination, but it resulted in dividing the modern world. A main factor of this division is that people who believe in stereotypes detest any communication with other races, causing a defense mechanism against them, and finally creating tension and animosity. History is proof that colored people have been treated unfairly and tortured over centuries. â€Å"Black† has always been perceived as negative. Black cats are told to be a sign of omen, black clothes are worn to funerals, and hell is pictured as a deadly place filled with darkness; these have all caused misinterpretation and created a wrong impression in people’s minds. Last, but unfortunately not least, pictures from The Holocaust -a genocide where about six million Jews were killed by the Nazis under the command of Germany’s Adolf Hitler- still haunt us (Mukherjee, 2014). Just as kids grow up imitating their parents, upcoming generations will grow up to be racists in a society where each individual thinks they are superior to everyone else if they have lighter skin. It is a never ending cycle that will most probably end in bullying. Children who grow up watching discrimination happen everywhere around them will end up feeling a need to bully classmates of othe r races. Racial discrimination has had several effects on society and employment. Studies have shown that  people with darker skin colors usually have trouble achieving ordinary goals like a job that pays well, a house in a nice neighborhood, and all the basic necessities. Why should a person with a darker skin tone suffer to obtain these essential rights and needs? The unemployment rate for African Americans in 1995 was 10.1 percent compared to 4.7 percent for white Americans (Berry, 1995). It is widely known that colored people face higher rejection rates when applying for jobs and are usually put second to whites with similar credit characteristics and also get paid less (Ross Yinger, 1999). In addition, racism is associated with poor mental health. Studies show that the victims of bullying based on their skin color are at a greater risk of developing a range of psychological and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. These conditions can contribute to more serious mental disorders. Therefore, eliminating racial prejudice is vital to improving mental health and emotional stability. Even though all that is happening, proper awareness is still not being taken into consideration. Racial discrimination is often practiced subconciounsly because societies from all around the world have successfully managed to mind wash generation a fter generation. In movies, for example, people do not realize that the African Americans usually die first. In crime scenes, they are usually the criminal. As a result of this, children are unintentionally forced to believe that dark skinned people are bad. Statistics show that majority of the public believe that African Americans are not accurately portrayed in movies. The use of offensive words regarding the Natives has become very common, as well, especially in modern rap songs. Rappers include offensive and extremely racist words in their lyrics. Another example is advertisements, and how they stress on promoting whitening beauty creams. The racism in this is not obvious, but it is obscene for the people who are not fair skinned. Finally, as a cause of predictable racism, an innocent African American man named Michael Brown was shot fatally by a police officer earlier in August this year. The protesting citizens of Ferguson remain at unrest until this very day due to the injustice that had occurred. In a nutshell, social racism has had many causes and effects throughout the years due to the growing complexity of the world around us. Racial prejudice is surely not a biological characteristic. In other words, humans do not  differentiate between races because of their genetic makeup. In an ideal world, racism would be eliminated and justice would take over. To cut a long story short, why should the amount of melanin is someone’s skin define them? Resources Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom: The autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown. Mukherjee, R. (2014, June 18). Top 10 Reasons why Racism Still Exists List Crux. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://listcrux.com/top-10-reasons-why-racism-

History of perodua analysis

History of perodua analysis Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd (PERODUA), established in 1993. In Malaysia Perodua is second automobile manufacturer which after Proton. It is a joint venture company between Malaysian and Japanese. The shareholders of Perodua are UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd 38%, MBM Resources Berhad 20%, Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd 20%, PNB Equity Resource Corporation Sdn Berhad 10%, Daihatsu (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd 5%, Mitsui Co. Ltd 4.2% and Mitsui Co, (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd 2.8% (Corporate Information n.d). Perodua does not contend with Proton for the similar market niche because Perodua mostly produce small-compact cars. Since end of 2009, Perodua has sold some 1.67 million units of vehicle of a variety of models. Perodua also sell overseas their cars to UK, Singapore, Brunei, Fiji, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1.2 Background of Perodua Perodua is located on a 138-hectare site in Sungai Choh, Rawang, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Besides, in the year of 2001, Perodua Auto Corporation Sdn Bhd (PCSB) was established in the final quarter year. Furthermore, there are also another two joint venture partners of PCBS from Japan which are Daihatsu Motor.Co.Ldt. and Mitsui Co. Ltd. The PCBS are being managed the manufacturing operations of the Perodua Group (Corporate Information, 2010). 1.3 Mission and Vision 1.3.1 Mission Perodua mission is to Professionalism in all our operations Efficiency in utilizing technologies and available resources Resilience in meeting our challenges Optimizing benefits to customers and stakeholders Dedication towards social responsibility to community, the environment and development of competent workforce Uniqueness in our products Aspiration to glorify the name of PERODUA 1.3.2 Vision The vision of Perodua is to be the most preferred automotive brand renowned for products and services of excellent quality which contributes to the development of the nation. 1.4 Product Milestone Below is the list of the vehicle that Perodua produce: The Perodua Kancil-August 1994 The Perodua Rusa March 1996 The Perodua Kembara August 1998 The Perodua Kenari   June 2000 The Perodua Kelisa August 2001 The Perodua Myvi May 2005 The Perodua Viva   May 2007 The Perodua Nautica 4WD May 2008 The Perodua Alza November 2009 (Corporate Information, 2010) 2.0 Analysis of Market Environment Factors that Affect this Company For a company it is very necessary to have updated date and to have a close watch and to assess the ever changing environment around them. There are 2 types of environment and there are Micro Environment and Macro Environment (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1 The Micro Environment The close forces to the company that have effect on its capability to get the goods successfully to the customer. While for the micro environment consists of 6 factors (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.1 Customer Customer can be divided into 5 types of markets to get a better idea on them which are: 2.1.1 (a) Consumer Market The person who buys the product for consumption is called the consumer market (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua Company comes with varies vehicles that can attract buyers especially these who want an affordable yet efficient vehicle. The company mostly targets on individuals or families who want to buy quality car at a premium as Perodua Company sets up the prices that are reasonable and affordable by most consumers. Perodua Myvi is product on May 2005 by Perodua Company which is one of the examples for individual or family use. 2.1.1 (b) Business Market The companies which buy goods and services are to be used in the production id other goods (Pride.et.al, 2007). For instance, Perodua Company buys the parts from other countries but the assembling is done in Malaysia. 2.1.1(c) Reseller Market The companies that purchases the goods or services and resell the product without making any changes to it (Pride.et.al, 2007). For examples, Perodua dealers get the product from the main company and finally distribute to them without making any changes of the cars. 2.1.1 (d) Government Market For government market they may purchase it to be used it in the production of goods and services (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, the model of Perodua Myvi, Perodua Kancil, Perodua Viva are provided to the government for the use of National Parade Day. 2.1.1 (e) International Market The products used for the use of the government to carry on with the government duties (Pride.et.al, 2007). For international market, Perodua Myvi purchases for the overseas market such as United Kingdom, Singapore, Brunei, Fiji, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 2.1.2 Company This segment is about the togetherness which should be there among all departments so that the product will be delivered to the customer in the desired time. This process will be an incomplete process if there are disagreements between departments, which will result in a delay of not delivering the product to the customer on time (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.3 Competitors There are two types of competitors that will affect the sales of Perodua Company which are direct and in direct competitors. 2.1.3 (a) Direct Competitors The companies which manufacture the same products within the same industry (Pride.et.al, 2007). For instance, Suzuki, Toyota and Proton are Perodua Companys direct competitors as the companies sell similar types of vehicles within the same industry. 2.1.3(b) Indirect Competitors Indirect competitors mean that when any company which competes for the same customer dollar (Pride.et.al, 2007). The indirect competitors for Perodua will be Toyota, Proton, Naza, Honda, BMW, and Mercedes. This is because they are also produce cars and they are also competing for the consumer dollars (Corporate Information, 2009). 2.1.4 Suppliers Suppliers could be defined as those who supply the necessary parts to build the product. The supplier influences the quality and delivery of the ended product. Suppliers should be from a reliable source and should be consistent at an arms reach (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.5 Marketing Intermediaries Marketing Intermediaries is also known as the middle man. The mediating is usually done by a company in order to distribute or promote goods to the customer (Pride.et.al, 2007). The sales Manager stated that Giga Shipping Company transports all the Perodua Products worldwide. There is also a trailer company which provides trailer service to transport products around Malaysia (Personal Development Leadership, n.d). Besides marketing intermediaries, mediating can also be financially. As an example, EON bank, RHB Bank, Islam Bank act as a mediator in order to promote Peroduas cars. These companies provide a loan system so that the customers could have a minimum payment monthly and enjoy the same benefits of a comfortable car. 2.1.6 Publics Publics could be defined as a crowd of people who have an interest in a company and also who make an impact to an organization to achieve its objectives. Moreover, a company will take this consideration and try building up relationships and also offer helpfulness to these groups. There are the 7 types of publics such as local, media, citizen action, government, general, internal and financial (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.6 (a) Local A community relations officer is appointed by the company to be present at meetings with the local publics (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua Myvi customer are eligible to join the club via (http://www.myviclub.com/). There is a public relations officer is appointed from Perodua Company regarding this club. On the other hand, the officer also can meet with the customer and makes interaction with the customer. 2.1.6 (b) Financial The company issues an annual publication which is the annual report which also includes the financial statements in the company. The shareholders were given by the company (Pride.et.al, 2007). All the Perodua Company share holders receive the annual report of the company in order to keep the shareholders informed about the financial status of the company (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.1.6 (c) Media Media can be described as a company would promote their product more with a positively media coverage (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, Perodua Company promotes Perodua Myvi on television advertisements. The official advertisement is telecasted on television. Also, they also advertise the product on the World Wide Web (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.1.6 (d) General The general publics view in the company is called general (Pride.et.al, 2007). Through our research, most of the customer would like to view on the Perodua Company. Hence, positive or negative, it is basically what the customer thinks about the company. 2.2 Macro Environment The societal forces that influence the organizations ability to provide the customers are called macro environment factors which are 6 factors. 2.2.1 Political Legal The legislation and laws which influences the industry, marketers should be on watch out of the laws which can involve the company in the future (Pride.et.al, 2007). Since Perodua Company is fully owned by the government of Malaysia, the tax is already included in the price of the vehicle. Therefore, the government gets a sum of charges (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.2.2 Economic Environment The Economic environment investigates the disposable income levels. In addition, the economic conditions include the business cycle, inflation, interest rate and inflations rates (Pride.et.at, 2007). 2.2.2(a) Inflation Rate 2.2.3 Technological Environment 2.2.4 Demographic 2.2.5 Cultural 2.3 How the Company faces Threats and how they convert them to Opportunity The SWOT analysis is known as the tool to asses a companys Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats. Strength and Weakness are known as internal factors while Opportunity and Threats are known as the positive conditions which could bring plunder to the company if acted in the necessary way. For Threats, it can be defined as the barriers which prevent the Company from reaching the companys objectives. When a company puts out a new product, there could be threats which come the companys way. Then the company should be ready with a defensive strategy to stand up against the threat and that strategy is known as Opportunity (Pride.et.at, 2007). After the release of Perodua Myvi, the company has faced several threats. So, to get rid of these threats of Perodua Company, Perodua Company came made that threats into opportunity by making up a strategic plan (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.3.1 The Entry to the Domestic Market The entrance of Perodua to the market was in the year of 1993 and it also result a massive change in the industry. Nissan and Toyota were dominating the market which result Perodua getting a small slice in the market. And Perodua got a boost because Indonesia. This is because they tend to sell about 500 Perodua Myvi cars in a month (paultan.org, 2010). 2.3.2 The Support Since Perodua was quite new to the domestic market, as mentioned previously there was also because of Indonesia. As a result of this undertaking of Indonesia, the workforce of Perodua was sent to Japan for a special training to learn more about engineering skills and assembling skills. This opportunity could be known as a Human Resource 2.3.3 The Competitors Perodua is known as the second National Car producer in Malaysia which is after Proton Company. But, the competitors to Perodua are from the domestic Market as well as the International Market. The Domestic competitors are named as Proton and Naza while the competitors from the international market are Toyota, BMW and Mercedes. Through these competitors are threats to the company, Peroduas strategic plan has kept them as the best car in the Malaysia up-to-date. Besides, Perodua Company is always on the watch out of product life cycle. So, if any company comes out with any new model, Perodua will try to modify the existing model or trying to put out a new model. All in all, company will always want to produce products according to customer trends and not company trends. If the company produces according to the company trends then the sales can go down. But, if the company acts according to the customer trends there can be good sales. 3.0 Target Market 3.1 Target Customer Characteristics Target market involves dividing a market into segments and then concentrating on marketing products on one or a few key segments (Pride.et.al, 2007). The target market of Perodua Myvi is segmented by demographic consumer such as the businessman who likes to work and it is convenient to them. Therefore, the comfort of the passenger is the main target. Also, the vehicle price of Perodua Myvi is affordable and reasonable for the customers which fulfill their demands too. Furthermore, the first target market strategy used is differentiated marketing. Differentiated market is the organization selects several market segments and designs different marketing mixes for each segment (Pride.et.al, 2007). The Perodua Company has used different strategy to attract different customers. Therefore, the Perodua Company offered the other vehicles for its different target segments to meet the customer demands. Some of the customers are looking for more convenient cars such as Perodua Viva while customers with big family would like to choose Perodua Alza. Another target market strategy used is undifferentiated marketing. The marketing mix, which are the 4Ps are the organization at the whole market. Besides, the organizations also used to avoid other segments from existing, the organization chooses to mass market (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, 30 September of 2009, Citibank credit card deals have organized Perodua Myvi 10X rewards points Easy Pay Campaign. This is use to the customer can make a down payment by using the Citibank credit card and enjoy 0% interest on the customer down payment and 10X rewards point (Citibank Perodua Myvi 10X Rewards Points Easy Pay Campaign, 2009). While for the last target market strategy used is concentrated marketing. There are one or two segments will be selected by the company and a marketing mix for these few segments will be proposed (Pride.et.al, 2007). Therefore, the aim of Perodua Company use concentrated marketing strategy is not to maximize sales; it is efficiency, attracting a large portion of once section while controlling costs. 4.0 Product 4.1 Product Lines that are offered A product line is viewed as a unit because of marketing, technical or for end-use considerations, by groups of closely related product items (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua have released many models of Myvi to suit the different taste of the customers. Firstly, there is the original Myvi and now comes with another two different versions which is the Myvi SE and the Myvi EE (Exclusive Edition). Each of these models comes with a different pricing and specifications. 4.2 Core, Actual and Augmented When purchasing tangible product, the buyer will not only obtain the product itself, but also all the extra things that come together with the product. This is also known as total product. The total product of the item can be separated into three categories which are the core product, actual product and augmented product. 4.2.1 Core Product Core products are the essential benefits that the buyer want when purchasing the product. The actual benefit that the buyers get when purchasing a Perodua Myvi is transportation. Buying a Perodua Myvi allows the buyer can move around in a vehicle without depending on public transport. This allows the buyer to be able to travel to any destination at any time without relying on the rigid time frame of a public transport. 4.2.2 Actual Product Actual products are the fundamental expectation of the buyer of the product (Pride.et.al, 2007). The consumers most basic expectations from buying a Perodua Myvi are the style and design of the car. In the Perodua official website it is stated that the design of Perodua Myvi is a mix of classy and sporty characteristic (Perodua 2009). Besides that, there are many colours for the buyer to customize the Perodua Myvi to suit the their taste. The engine of Perodua is also manufactured in Japan by Daihatsu. The Perodua Myvi is also known to be more fuel efficient as compared to other cars sold in the market. It is said that Perodua Myvi Auto uses around 13.5 km per litre and the Perodua Myvi manual is clocked at approximately 17.1km per litre of petrol (Tan, P 2009). The Perodua Myvi is readily built with air-conditioner and entertainment system with the latest audio technology like mp3 and a USB reader (Perodua 2009). The consumer can have the option of the transmission of the car to be automatic or manual. To prevent the car from being stolen, Perodua Myvi is equipped with a security system which includes an engine immobiliser. The only way to unlock the immobilizer to start the car is by using the owners car keys. As a result, if somebody breaks into the car, they wont be able start the car by using duplicated keys or by tampering with the wires. 4.2.3 Augmented Product The augmented products are the additional services the consumer will receive when buying the product. The augmented product of buying a Perodua Myvi is that it easier to apply for a loan compared to other imported cars because it is a national car. Besides that, Perodua provide services like parts replacement and repair at their service centre. The spare parts of Perodua Myvi are also easily available compared to imported cars. Other than that, Perodua also provide an extended warranty service for free (Perodua, 2009). 4.3 Branding, Packaging, Labeling, Warranty, Customer Service 4.3.1 Branding (Shenron, 2009) Branding is a blend of a term, sign, name, symbol or design which is used to recognize and distinguish products and companies (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua has a small car like Myvi with a big future. Hence, Malaysias leading compact carmaker is always taken by Perodua. Besides, their management team still not really satisfied with their position at the top and their research and development facilities have given the most critical activity, innovation in design and creative engineering methods. Nowadays, Perodua is now able to deliver more stylish, unique, and cars with an attractive price to their consumers. This new brand statement, Building Cars, People First, is Peroduas new visual identity (Interbrand, 2010). Perodua expects to manage all their customers in harmony with their guiding vision. Besides, Perodua was at the position of seventh most valuable Malaysia brand in Interbrands 2007 survey and it looks set to continue get build up and enhance. This shows that Perodua try their very best to respond their customer satisfactory. 4.3.2 Warranties and Customer Services Perodua Company consists of customer service which is known as smart assist. In the even of a breakdown, members can call the toll free number: 1-800-88-5555. The call centre will dispatch a rescue team to the location of the vehicle. This service is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Besides, all the customer service agents practice a friendly, thoughtful, humble and committed routine to give their customers very best service. Furthermore, 1-hour Superservis also provided and this service is a speedy service package that comes with a money-back guarantee once the customers car is not serviced in one hour. While for the warranty period, Perodua Company has given 3-year/100,000km manufacturers warranty. For the extended warranty is plus 3-year/75,000km. ETP is stand for Extended Warranty Programme which is an extension of the Basic Warranty Coverage that comes with your Perodua by giving the customer an additional coverage period (Perodua, 2010). 4.3.3 Product life Cycle Product life cycle can be defined as progression of a product through development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline stage. 4.3.3 (a) Development Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. 4.3.3 (b) Introduction In introduction stage, the product has just appeared in the market with the company having little profit or the negative profit as there is only little consumer awareness on the product. In this stage, the company increases the awareness of the public about the product through promotion or advertising. The Perodua Myvi is marketed to the public through local mediums such as newspapers, radio and television. 4.3.3 (c) Growth During the growth stage, sales start to increase rapidly but the promotion costs are still high due to increasing consumer awareness thru advertising and etc. The growth stage is critical to a products survival because competitive reactions to the products success during this period will influence the products life expectancy. The profits begin to decline late in this stage as other car competitors enter the market with their own cars to compete with the Perodua Myvi. 4.3.3 (d) Maturity During maturity stage, the sale curve peaks as there are maximum sales and production efficiencies lead to maximum profits occurring in this stage. In this stage, the company will want to maintain the sales on the product. In keeping the maturity stage going for as long as possible, the company reintroduces the Perodua Myvi with versions and will also have a facelift. Example of this is the introduction of the Perodua Myvi SE to the market. 4.3.3 (e) Decline In the final stage, which is the decline stage, the sales will fall rapidly. This is because the sales and profits of the product decline. Therefore, the company needs to determine whether to retain or drop the product. The current Perodua Myvi is in a decline stage but is still doing well in the market as it is ranked the top selling car in the country in the compact segment for the third year running in the assessment conducted by J.D. Power Asia Pacific, therefore leading the Perodua Company to continue the production of the car. The graph above illustrates how the product life cycle of Perodua Myvi has reached the maturity stage where the company is making maximum profit from the sales of its product that is the Perodua Myvi. (Managing Products and Brand, n.d). 5.0 Pricing Price is the value exchanged for product in a marketing transaction but price is not always money (Pride.et.al, 2007). There are some pricing strategies that use in Perodua Myvi product. For example, optional product-pricing, psychological pricing and geographical pricing. The optional product-pricing is the pricing the accessory sold with the main product. For instance, car sells with the air-conditioning. While for the psychological pricing is the price set reflects the psychology of pricing and not just the costs. For example, $45900 instead of $46000. Lastly the Perodua company also use the geographical pricing strategies in the Perodua Myvi product. The geographical pricing is pricing products to customers in different parts of the country such as FOB (free on board) and Zone pricing. FOB means that the customers need to pay the freighter fee from the carrier to the final destination and zone pricing is the company set up one zones, the customer in the more distant zones (Pride. et.al, 2007). 5.1 Optional Product Pricing Type of carsThe Perodua Company uses the optional pricing in the Perodua Myvi product, which is the pricing the accessory sold with the main product. The Perodua Myvi is divided into eight type, Myvi 1.0L SR, Myvi 1.3L SX, Myvi 1.3L EZ, Myvi 1.3L SXi, Myvi 1.3L EZi, Myvi SE GHS, Myvi SE ZHS and Myvi 1.3 ZHL. The different accessory of Myvi contains different prices. The different prices are as shown in the table below: (Based on the price listed given in the catalogue) Colour Solid Metallic SMET Myvi 1.0L SR RM 40,721.80 RM41,240.20 Myvi 1.3L SX RM 45,450.20 RM 45,925.20 RM 46,325.20 Myvi 1.3L EZ RM 48,425.50 RM 48,900.20 RM 49300.20 Myvi 1.3L SXi RM48,225.50 RM48,700.20 RM49,100.20 Myvi 1.3L EZi RM 51,240.30 RM 51,700.20 RM52,100.20 Myvi SE GHS RM 51,926.00 RM52,401.00 RM52818.20 Myvi SE ZHS RM 54,940.00 RM 55,426.00 RM 55,826.00 Myvi 1.3 ZHL RM 51,000.00 RM 53,500.20 5.2 Psychological Pricing The psychological pricing is the price set reflects the psychology of pricing and not just the cost. It is also apply in the Perodua Myvi product. Example: (Based on the price list given the catalogue) Myvi 1.3L EZ (solid) RM 48,425.50 Myvi 1.3L EZ (Metallic) RM 48,900.20 Myvi 1.3L EZ (SMET) RM 49300.20 5.3 Geographical Pricing The geographical pricing is the pricing products to customers in different parts of the country. The Perodua Myvi contains different prices according at the different country or different zone. Example (Based on the price list given in the catalogue) The Perodua Myvis Price in Malaysia (1.3L EZi) The Perodua Myvis price in UK (1.3 EZi) RM 52,240.30  £7,499 In the table above shown that the Perodua price in United Kingdom is cheaper once the price convert to Malaysia dollars. The reason Perodua Myvis price in UK is more expensive than Malaysia is because of the sales tax in under vehicle pricing and special interest rate is included (Perodua-uk.com, n.d) 6.0 Distribution According to Perodua Company, there are many branches in Kuching such as at Satok Parade, Jalan Matang and others. The location of Perodua Company can be easily found in Kuching. On the other hand, the Perodua Company also has branches at the overseas country such as in United Kingdom. The Channel organization that is used by the Perodua Company is shown below: 6.1 Conventional Channels The Conventional channels consist of independent producers, wholesalers and retailers. They are all self business which are trying to maximize own profit (Pride.et.al, 2007). 6.2 Vertical Marketing Channels For the vertical marketing channels, the channel members work in a group rather than individually. It is either one who owns the others or they are in contract with each other or has so much power that they all corporate (Pride.et.al, 2007). 6.3 Horizontal Marketing System It is an arrangement with two or more companies at the same level linked together to follow a marketing chance (Pride.et.al, 2007). 7.0 Promotion 7.1 Promotion Goals Promotion is communication by marketers that informs, persuades and reminds potential buyers of a product in order to influence an opinion or to get a response. While inform is a communication used to increase understanding of new brand, or a new product. The company explain how the products function, and recommend the new application for product. The other goals of promotion, persuade the customer to buy now. Finally, remind is a task of retaining the customer knowledge and to call attention to the customers about the importance of the products for they might be used in the future (Pride.et.al, 2007). The promotion goal of Perodua Company in the Perodua Myvi product is inform. Perodua Myvi is still the good selling product in the market. It is convenient and suitable for businessman but also good for small family. In addition, Perodua Company gave information about the Perodua Myvi to society by using several methods, such as brochures, internet advertising through Perodua official websites, road show and many more (Pride.et.al, 2007). 7.2 Promotion Tools To communicate with individuals, groups and organisations, various promotional tactics have been used by Perodua. When Perodua merges specific plans used to manage the integrated marketing communications for Perodua Myvi, that combinations form the promotion mix for Perodua Myvi. Advertisement, personal selling and sales promotion some of the elements of promotion mix. The elements of the marketing communications mix Sources from: (Dolak,D 2009) The main promotion mix used by Perodua in promoting Perodua Myvi is advertisement. Advertisement is the activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media (advertising, 2010). Advertisements used by Perodua are television, the internet, newspapers and prints. The benefit of using advertisement is that it can cover a wide range of audience but is very costly. Personal selling is defined as oral communication with potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale (promotion-personal selling, n.d). The advantage of this that it can influence the customer more compare to advertisement. The disadvantage is that it depends on the attitude and the skilfulness of the salesperson to convince the customer. Perodua Myvi is sold through direct selling which is face-to-face by using a sales person. The sales person who does not directly work for the company mostly can lower the price of Perodua Myvi to attract customers. This is because they can deduct the price using their commission. While buying from salesperson at the showroom is more convenient as everything is handled by them and also the quality of the service is much better. Sales promotion refers to many kinds of incentives and techniques directed towards consumers and traders with the intention to produce immediate or short-term sales effects (Definition of Sales Promotion, 2010). Perodua have created many sales promotions to aid in the sales of Perodua Myvi such as the scrapping programme which was scheduled on 1 April 2009. This promotion allows customers to trade-in their old car for a reduction of RM5000 off any Perodua cars (Perodua 2009). Another sales promotion is customers can buy a Perodua Myvi on loan for RM347 a month for the first 5 years. If they booked and registered a Myvi from 13 June to 31 July 2009, the customer is entitled to join their contest. 7.3 Communication Process The communication process is a process whereby the sender is marketing their product to the receiver who is the public and except some feedback from them. Interference in this process which prevents the message being conveyed to the receiver is called noise. One of the noises that can affect Perodua promotion is competitors message. Other automobile companies will also have their own promotions to attract customers. They will always try to convince the customers in believing that their product is better than the rest. When P