Flipkart Report

INTRODUCTION E-COMMERCE E-commerce is short for electronic commerce. It is the business over internet involving buying and selling of  products/services. E-commerce makes use of payment gateways for online transactions. It requires excellent supply chain management, online transaction processing, logistics strategies and control, inventory management systems and many other automated softwares and database collection systems. WEB-BASED E-COMMERCE ARCHITECTURE E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE * Information infrastructure * Internet, LAN, WAN, routers, etc. Telecom cable TV, wireless, etc. * Messaging and information distribution infrastructure. * HTML, XML, e-mail, HTTP, etc. * Common business infrastructure * Security, authentication, electronic payment, directories, catalogues, etc. * The Internet * System of interconnected networks that spans the globe * Routers, TCP/IP, firewalls, network infrastructure. network protocols * The world Wide web (www) * Part of the Internet and allows user s to share information with an easy-to-use interface * Web browsers, web servers, HTTP, HTML Web architecture * Client/server model * N-tier architecture; e. g. , web servers, application servers, database servers, scalability THE PROCESS OF E-COMMERCE * Attract customers * Advertising and marketing * Interact with customers * Catalogue, negotiation * Handle and manage orders * Order capture * Payment * Transaction * Fulfilment (physical good, service good, digital good) * React to Customer Enquiries * Customer service * Order tracking E-COMMERCE IN INDIAE-commerce in India is still nascent, but it is important for developing countries like India. The opportunities for E-commerce players are many due to rapid urbanisation and rising literacy rates and rapidly growing internet user population, advances in technology, growing adoption of computers, introduction of 3G and falling net access costs. The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IMAI) estimated that India's E-commerce mar ket is growing 70% every year and 500% since 2007. Transactions In $ MillionsSegment-wise share in e-commerce market 2012 ABOUT FLIPKART Flipkart is an India based e-commerce company which belongs to the e-tailing (electronic retailing) sector. It is head-quartered at Bangalore and it initiated its operations in 2007. Flipkart was launched by a couple of young, enthusiastic friends, Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal, who grew up together and studied at the prestigious IIT-Delhi, as an online retailing venture with the objective of making books accessible to individuals living in the all the parts of India.Sachin and Binny used to work for Amazon, which has a similar kind of business before quitting and opening up this new venture. Initially they used to sell just books on Flipkart and relied mainly on ‘word of mouth’ for promotions. But in 2010, they started selling CDs, DVDs, Mobile phones and accessories, cameras, computers and in 2011 stationery, home appliances, person al care items and health care products. It has now revenue of Rs. 500 crore within a span of just five years making t one of the largest e-commerce companies in India. The core value of Flipkart is strong focus on customer service. The major goal of the company is to provide its customers with an ultimate online shopping experience and for this they use many innovative policies like a 30-day replacement policy, EMI options, Cash on Delivery, free shipping, discounted rates, pre-paid online wallet and most important timely delivery  of all the products. This requires an extensive supply chain and logistics and distribution network.A network of over 500 distributors have been established by the company and it keeps only those items for which orders are placed frequently by the customers and the items that are rarely ordered are almost always sourced from the suppliers when such an order is received from the customers. The company owns four offices in each metro city with a combined strength of more than five hundred employees. Fifteen courier companies such as Blue Dart, DHL etc. have been engaged to deliver the products and also Indian Post where courier service is not available.Warehouses are there in seven cities including metros. One can track the order right from ordering an item to delivery. One can even pre-order an unreleased book from the website and that too on attractive prices and on top of that there is excellent customer service. Customer satisfaction, amazing customer experience and the discounted rates of items are the key factors that work in the favour of Flipkart. The company has a stock of nearly 12 million books making it the largest book retailer in India and it has eighty per cent share of the online book market in India.Access to internet, increasing number of iPads, smart phones, latest technology that gives 3D images of products, time constraint consumers and increasing real estate costs required for offline stores have lead to a shif t to e-commerce businesses especially to online retail stores. According to a survey done by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, the online retail market in India may grow from Rs 20 billion in 2011 to Rs 70 billion by 2015 as internet access improves. INNOVATIVE SERVICES LAUNCHED BY FLIPKART PREPAID WALLET FEATURE * As a general wallet that is used to store cash in it and allows a person to purchase and enjoy products or services equivalent to the cash amount in it, Flipkart has adopted a prepaid wallet service to its e-commerce website platform that provides customers with an opportunity to store and keep money on the website and consume it to purchase different products, without the need to take out their debit cards or credit cards or net-banking for each and every transaction.   The purpose of a prepaid Wallet is to make online transactions easier and more secure for the customers as they will be spared from the hassle of taking out their credit card or deb it card or net banking details each and every time they want to buy a product. Customers can fill their Online Wallets with up to Rs 10,000 by using any of the general payment methods like credit card, debit card and net-banking and then can consume it over multiple transactions. There is no expiry date for the wallet and the cash stored in it can always be refunded back to the source using which payment was made. Flipkart. com has included wallet service in its e-commerce structure keeping in mind the ease and convenience of their regular customers – those who make transactions multiple times during the month, and particularly when individual transactions are comprised of many small payments. Wallet allows the customers to make the payment just once and still involve in multiple transactions. This also makes sure that customers would not have to go through the bank payment verification processes each time they purchase something using the Flipkart. com.The wallet helps in cu tting down the issues with payment gateway too. * Also by including the innovative prepaid e-wallet, the aim of the Flipkart is to shorten the duration of the order processes that would certainly make the online shopping much simpler, faster and totally trouble free experience for their customers. * CASH ON DELIVERY * Flipkart launched the Cash on Delivery services for the customers who do not prefer to make an online payment. Using this payment mode, customers have to pay only when they receive the ordered item at their doorstep without any making any sort of advanced payment to Flipkart.Payment mode for this is strictly cash and the currency used can only be Indian Rupees. No discount coupons or e-vouchers can be availed while using this mode of payment. * India is a cash- driven economy with plastic cards penetration as low as 3% as of 2012. Also the existing payment gateways and infrastructure are not in such good condition and a noticeable amount of transactions fail. Also peop le in India still perceive high risks in using credit/debit cards online and thus in online transactions. All these reasons led to Flipkart adopting such a mode of payment.But the most important reason was because it was the demand of customers and since Flipkart has the maximum focus on customer satisfaction, they went ahead and adopted Cash-on-delivery mode of payment. * Important factors while adopting Cash-on-delivery model are that they have to deliver good products in good condition because if a product is not in good condition, customer cannot be expected to make the payment. They have to have their own collection and delivery network as they can’t rely on a third person to collect cash for expensive items and give it to them.They need to have strong and consistent operations and they need to make timely delivery because if they fail to do so, a customer is already lost for them for future. They also need to maintain customer relationships and respect customers so as t o maintain long-term profitability from the customers. * Cash-on-delivery model has increased the sales of the company by great margins and Cash-on-delivery has become the most used mode of payment. But there as many downsides of using this model. Rejection rate of the products delivered through this model is as high as almost thirty per cent.Though this is lower than other Cash-on-delivery players, still it is too much. Generally the company has to incur Rs. 35-70 for every transaction involving cash-on-delivery, but the cost could reach as high as Rs. 100 in case there is rejection or if multiple trips are needed to deliver the order. Whereas when the transaction is carried out using credit/debit cards or net-banking, only 1-2 per cent of the transaction total value is taken by the online payment partner as service fee. Therefore until and unless the transaction value is high enough, cash-on-delivery model cuts down the retailer’s margins by high values.Also cash-on-deliver y model tends to block the working capital that could have been better used for expansion and growth. * REPLACEMENT POLICY * Flipkart provides a thirty day replacement policy for every product purchased from its website. Defects in any product can be highlighted by customers at the time of delivery or within thirty days from the date of delivery. No cost is charged for replacing the defected product. * Main objective of this policy is related to the core value of the company – customer satisfaction.This policy makes customers feel much more secure about purchasing items online and helps build the company a strong trust with its customer base. PAYMENT GATEWAY OF FLIPKART Flipkart provides its customers with a hundred per cent safe transaction experience. Credit card payments are processed through the HDFC Bank payment gateway, as well as payment gateways (E Billing Systems/cc Avenue) that interface with various banks. The latest encryption technology is being used by HDFC bank to protect each customer’s credit card information.So as to hide the information while information travels over the internet, it encrypts one’s credit card number. HDFC also asks you to enter the three digit CVV (Credit Verification Value) number which follows credit card number and is given at the back of the card so as to make sure that the person carrying the transaction has the physical plastic card. Flipkart’s main focus is on customer satisfaction and in this case also Flipkart. com offers the security of highest standards so as to ensure that the shopping experience of each customer is private, safe and secure.Flipkart. com does not collect or store customer’s account information at all. Authorization of transaction takes place at multiple points, first by HDFC and subsequently by Visa/MasterCard/AMEX secure directly without any information passing through them. Payment Options * Flipkart accepts all MasterCard, Visa credit cards and AMEX. * Flipk art do not accept any international credit cards on Flipkart. com at this stage. * Apart from Credit and Debit Cards, payments are accepted by Flipkart by Internet Banking, Cash-on-Delivery and Equated Monthly Instalments (EMI).All Credit/Debit card details remain confidential and private. SSL encryption technology is used by Flipkart and their trusted payment gateways so as to protect the customer’s card information. SSL encryption technology Netscape developed a protocol Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for moving the private documents over the Internet. A cryptographic system is being used by SSL that uses two keys to encrypt data ? a public key that is known to everyone and a private or secret key which is known only to the recipient of the message.Many Web sites use the SSL protocol to obtain and protect confidential user’s personal information, such as credit card number. URLs that use SSL connection have to start with https instead of http which is nothing but Secure HTTP. But both SSL and S-HTTP have different uses. Where a secure connection between a client and a server is created by SSL, over which unlimited amount of data can be sent securely, individual messages are transmitted securely using S-HTTP. SSL and S-HTTP are therefore complementary rather than competing technologies. DIFFERENT METHODS ADOPTED BY FLIPKART Auto redirection to banking site: Customers are automatically redirected to the page of respective banks where the information is required to be filled. Thus Flipkart never lands you on CC Avenue page unlike most other ecommerce sites. Hence Flipkart skips an unnecessary page by passing the needed parameters directly to CC Avenue. * Banks Status: Flipkart maintains its own real time status to check whether the net banking service of particular bank is working. So the customers come to know about a problem prior to entering that bank’s website.ONLINE PAYMENT PROCESSING SERVICES CC Avenue 1) Uses secure servers throughout an d adopt stringent security measures to ensure that sensitive information such as customers’ personal details is protected. 2) Customers enter all their personal information and Credit Card details on ICICI’s E-Payments (Payseal) and Citibank’s secure servers and the same is encrypted before it is transmitted over the Internet to the Acquiring Banks. 3) Additionally CC Avenue’s server is behind security firewalls to ensure maximum protection of your customer’s information. EBS (E-BILLING SOLUTIONS)For better encryption of data, it uses seven architecture model which helps in protecting the client information. High-tech Axis, HDFC and Citibank’s secure servers are used to authorize all credit card transactions and the same is encrypted before it is transmitted over the Internet to the Acquiring Banks. To ensure maximum protection of customer’s information, EBS servers are also behind the security firewalls. This guarantees that the buye r’s information is not available to any third party. EBS makes use of the best amongst the industry standards – the VeriSign technology, which ensures the complete security of the data.A/B FRAMEWORK – UNIQUE FRAMEWORK USED BY FLIPKART The framework has two components: Through the first one the performance of the website is measured using various metrics which are pre-defined. The second one uses an A/B framework that allows different versions of the website to be available simultaneously which is used to check the success of the advertising campaigns over the website. Thus the company conducts live and real experiments by diverting a small portion of the traffic and studying the results. Both components work together and simultaneously.The website’s performance on various parameters is measured by the metrics tool which is kind of a dashboard. For example, systems are immediately warned in case the transaction rate goes down below a certain limit. Flipkar t’s engineers can also rapidly implement and check their ideas using the A/B component. When someone proposes a new idea, a lot of precious time is spent debating what-if scenarios. Using this framework an idea can be implemented while mitigating  its risks. For example, the A/B framework redirects ten per cent of the Flipkart’s traffic to the new design/idea whenever an engineer changes the design of any page.Through this they can evaluate and analyze the effect of the changes using the metrics tool for collection. If it does not lead to any productive result, they can immediately change it back, and only less than ten per cent of traffic is impacted. The Benefits Since the tool has been introduced sometime around mid-2010, Flipkart now sells more than twenty types of products, taking the sales up to Rs 75 crore a month. In fact, during the last eight quarters, Flipkart has been able to double its revenue each quarter.

Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment

I was appalled when I saw the first set of graphs conducted on the 600 employees, ND that the balance between life and work was so low on the list. Honestly, now that I have a child at home, I chose that as one of my top 5, but If you would have asked me two years ago I probably wouldn't have put that as an important aspect. I obviously chose Job security because no matter what, I want to know that I am Important to the company and that they need me to be there in order for everything to run smoothly, which In turn will almost guarantee that I will always have an available position within that company.The second most important Job aspect to me is the availability for career advancement. I am the type of person that always wants to better herself and to climb right up that corporate ladder. I don't ever want to settle with a position when I know that there is one higher and within my reach and ability if I were to try hard enough, and to complete the tasks necessary to gain that posit ion. So if a company does not have the opportunity for advancement, then it is not the right place for me, and I probably wouldn't even consider working there.Pay is obviously important because it is what make after working hard all day long for the company. It Is also what helps to support my family. As we've all heard â€Å"money makes the world go 'round†. I want to be rewarded for my accomplishments and to know that I am Important by the amount of money I make. The way I see It, the better I am at my job and the harder I work, the more money I make the company, so, why shouldn't I be rewarded for that? The fourth most important aspect to me is benefits.This also would not have been Important before I had a family. As a high school or even young college student, you don't think â€Å"l want to get great benefits when I graduate†. I honestly didn't even know what the word meant until I moved out of my parents house and got a Job on my own. Now that I have a family th ough, the benefits are most definitely an Important aspect of any Job. After reviewing the chart by the SHIRR my results are much more Like theirs than on the website. My numbers 1, 3, 4, and 5 are all located within the top 5 on their chart.My number 2, Career Advancement was not located anywhere on the top of can't, out actually second to last. I Nils contuses me, Decease tenet under two Is compensation and pay, but in order to make more money, you must advance your career. The farther up the corporate ladder you are, the more money you are likely to make. I guess when taking part in the survey people were not thinking about advancing their careers to make more money, but maybe were happy with where they were within their business. It is most definitely possible to get a raise in pay without changing positions and advancing.Everyone has different ways of thinking and maybe other people are not like me. Maybe they do not like change and want to be within the same position for as lo ng as that position is available to them. There is no wrong or right when it comes to people's opinions. I was glad to see that more people polled for Flexibility to balance life and work issues as I believe this is important to anyone who has a family or wishes to have one. I would say that between all three charts Compensation and Benefits have topped them, which proves the saying â€Å"Money Talks†.

Abuse of the Innocent Essays - Animal Welfare, Cruelty To Animals

Abuse of the Innocent Is it right to force a mouse to live it's live in a laboratory cage to test anti-cancer drug? How would you like to be squeezed in a cage with many other animals, not being able to touch the grass, run around and play, smell the flowers, or go for a walk in the warmth of the sunshine? Animal cruelty is wrong because we are hurting the Innocent. Animals experience and feel pain, fear , anxiety, stress, depression, boredom, joy and happiness. Animals are very intelligent, some ever learn our own language. Most people experience their first bond with an animal. Not only do they bring a companion and a friend into our lives, but also unconditional love and comfort. Pet shops and puppy mills mass produce, kennels are overcrowded and dirty, with very little nutrition. Cats/dogs are held in metal cages and lead miserable lives breeding continuously. Animals suffer and are neglected, some are sold to research laboratories. A large number of animals are raised for slaughter each year. A cow "has a natural life span of twenty- five to thirty years, but only survives for an average of five".1 An estimated "seventeen million raccoons, beavers, bobcats, lynx, coyotes, muskrats, nutria, and other animals are trapped each year in the United States for fur".2 They suffer from unbearable pain for several hours before their lives are ended by the trapper's club. Is the price of live worth the price of fur? Psalm 104, 27-30. All creatures depend on you to feed them throughout the year: you provide the food they eat, with generous hands you satisfy their hunger. You turn your face away, they suffer. You stop their breath, they die and revert to dust. You give breath, fresh life begins, you keep renewing the world. Disections have been practiced in biology classes for many years. Critics accuse some teachers of killing and argue that disection teaches nothing but cruelty. Nothing is learned by cutting up an animal that cannot be learned from photographs or drawings. Children do not learn about the human body by killing and disecting a person, they learn from diagrams and textbooks. Vivisection means "cutting alive". It is a worldwide practice involving millions of animals. Scientists say that vivisections may not necessarily be painful. Every living being with a brain, spinal column, and central nervous system feels pain. Animals were not created for entertainment. What do zoos really teach children? The animals are stolen from their natural habitats and are brutally transferred. They suffer from boredom and have natural needs such as running, climbing, flying, and natural mating. All of the magic and glitter of the circus hides the true animal cruelty. Several animals are confined to small cages, muzzled, and repeatedly whipped in training. They are declawed, have their teeth removed, and drugged to be obedient. Military research on animals include monkeys, baboons, rats, guinea pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, and mice. "... when I see my closest relative locked in a restraining box, his head filled with electrodes, and all he has got to reach out to you is with his eyes, then how can we respond to that if we close ours?".3 Weapons are tested on innocent animals, nerve gas, bullets, and bombs are all used. "One sad insight is gleaned from this statement, made by a Porton workman who lost his bearings: 'I thought I was ill, I thought I was seeing things. It was a little monkey enclosed In a glass cage. Its eyes seemed to be falling out and it couldn't breathe. It was in dreadful, dreadful distress. I forgot everything and went near it and said something to it, and it buried its head in it's arms and sobbed like a child. I never slept that night, and the next day managed to go back to the same room, but it was nearly finished by then. It had sunk to a little heap at the bottom of the glass cage.'."4 Animal cruelty is wrong, we are hurting the innocent. Cruelty of animals can be stopped, not only do we have to open our eyes, but open our mouths as well. Read a book, write a letter, join a group or start a group, either way, an animal will be grateful for the chance of a happy life. 656 End Notes 1. Loraine Kay, Living Without Cruelty, (London: Sidwick & Jackson, 1990), p.15. 2. Laura Fraser, The Animal

Various aspects about World War II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Various aspects about World War II - Assignment Example He pretended that the Aryans (Germans) are superior to other people in the world and they have the right to rule the entire world. During Hitler’s period, Jews were the prominent community in the world because of the immense contributions they have given to the world in the form of scientific discoveries and other political and sociological aspects needed for the advancement of human civilization. Hitler’s blind and revenging attitudes towards Jews community have forced him to perceive everything against his views as the contributions of the Jew’s community. Moreover, Hitler believed that communism and democracy were the contributions of the Jew’s community and encouraging this political system will destroy the true values of the people. Many of the prominent scientists and world leaders were of Jewish origin which was not acceptable to Hitler. Hitler thought that the Germany’s lost lands during the previous wars were occupied by Jews and he has sta rted the war against the Jews. â€Å"The Nazis basic intent was to make survival for the Jews more difficult and to create a loss of identity for the Jews. The Nazis occupying the towns asserted that the consequence of dissension was severe punishment or death† (LEBENSRAUM: LIVING SPACE FOR THE GERMAN RACE) Communism and democracy argue for equality rather than domination which were unacceptable to Hitler. In his opinion, communism and democracy were the means of spreading corruption. He has rejected the political systems like judiciary, parliament, and executive like entities and argued that these systems were in place in order to save the corrupted people from punishments. Hitler believed that only through dictatorship, corruption can be eliminated and a country can grow further. In a famous speech Hitler once declared that "We want to liberate Germany from the fetters of an impossible parliamentary democracy — not because we are terrorists, not because we intend to gag the free spirit. On the contrary, the spirit has never made themselves its master" (Brundage) Lebensraum was another major reason for the Nazi expansion into its neighbouring territories and the subsequent WW 2. The meaning of the word ‘Lebensraum’ is living space. Hitler believed that the Germans are living without enough space in Germany even though they were the major race in the world. Adolf Hitler considered Aryans race as the ancestors of Germans and he believed that Aryans are far superior to other races in world. It was not tolerable for him to accept the fact that the Germans/Aryans are living without enough living spaces in Germany. Hitler accused that some of the lands controlled by other countries near the boundaries of Germany actually belong to Germany and he has demanded a territorial revision of lands. He was of the opinion that Germany has lost many of its territories to neighbouring countries in previous wars which needed to be regained. He has gat hered support from the German people to expand German territories using his mesmerising speeches in which he made the German people aware of the shame of living as slaves. The Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 to end the WW 1 was a shock treatment for to the German pride. This treaty put the entire blame on Germany for causing WW 1 and asked Germany to pay heavy amounts as compensation. Moreover, Germany forced to sacrifice some of its land

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Article Example luating these anomia studies to focus on the efficacy of treatment depending on moderator variables such as aphasia type, severity, therapy frequency, total amount of therapy hours and number of trained items. The effect size was calculated to represent the gains made for all participants confrontational naming tasks as follows: D= (Mpost tx-Mpre tx)/SDpre tx. Further, the unbiased effect of the study was calculated as follows: Unbiased d= (1-(3/ (4*total n)-9))*d. The pre- and post-measures were categorized within studies to evaluate moderator variables such as type of aphasia, Aphasia severity, number of sessions per week and total number of therapy hours (excluding the number of sessions). To assist control for confounding variables, the effect sizes were separated for trained vs. untrained/unexposed/unrelated words. In addition, the follow-up measures were eliminated. From the experiment that was conducted, effect sizes were based on small number of studies and frequently showed a high standard deviation. The results revealed the

The Oral Shift in Learning of Nursing Students Research Paper

The Oral Shift in Learning of Nursing Students - Research Paper Example The expected data for analysis is qualitative in nature justifies the methodology of research selected by the authors’. The philosophic underpinnings of research have been aptly discussed by the authors as they state that appropriate clinical experience is necessary for professional growth and development. Transfer of information in the form of oral shift report (OSR) has been identified as an important juncture wherein vital information pertinent to quality and continuity of patient care is exchanged (Skaalvik et al, 2010). The authors’ therefore, stress upon the fact that OSR can exert significant influence on learners’ (NSS) knowledge as their innate curiosity can be satisfied by sharing experiences with knowledgeable and well informed senior nurses’. ... Purpose The purpose of this study has been explicitly defined by the authors’ as an endeavor to ascertain the influences during OSR which could impact the learning experiences of NSs by direct observation in clinical settings where this practice is routine. They identified three nursing homes (NHS) within Norway where NSs usually are sent during the third year of their training to get firsthand experience under the guidance of nursing supervisors’. They carefully selected 12 participants and an equal number of nursing supervisor’s as participants’ in this study. The projected significance to the field of nursing has been described by the authors’ as reinforcement of theoretical knowledge by tackling real-life scenarios in consultation with experienced staff. Method The qualitative design of this study in the form of direct observation followed by semi-structured interviews’ was based upon the validity of such methods as evidenced through cite d literature by the authors’. The selected three nursing homes (NH) had identical staff-patient ratios and catered to identical patient-care scenarios. The number of participants’ in the study was however quite low (12, with 1 dropping out), which could have influenced the results of this study. Larger participation is essential to draw pertinent inferences. However, as the first author was the lone direct observer and semi-structured interviews were held at the end of this period, the study was capable of providing an indicative illustration of the effects and influence of OSRs on the participants’ gain in knowledge.

Dental Coverage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dental Coverage - Essay Example These advocates claim that low-income people suffer more from poor oral health than those belonging to higher socioeconomic status, which make their chances of getting hired less likely. But there are opponents to this proposed move to lower dental costs. They believe that dentists are already disadvantaged, monetarily speaking, by dental insurances that do not sufficiently reimburse for dental procedures. Further lowering dental fees will further hurt them. And, critics believe that dentists will be forced to sacrifice the quality of their services to prevent these financial losses, which, in the end, will cause disadvantages to the patients themselves. Arguments opposing the proposal to lower dental costs or making it more affordable for low-income adults place emphasis on its disadvantages to dentists and the quality of dental care. The lowered dental fees have already forced dentists to perform dental services at a monetary loss. A current research by the American Dental Associat ion discovered that some dental health maintenance organizations (HMO) do not sufficiently pay for even the low-cost preventive oral health services (Gordon, 2013). And thus, due to insufficient reimbursements, some dentists providing services to individuals holding HMO insurance usually lower the quality of their services, such as hastening procedures, in order to avoid financial drawbacks. Thereby, critics argue that in the end the people themselves will be the ones to suffer from low quality oral care services. Many dentists refuse to accept Medicaid recipients because the repayments are insufficient. The president of the Florida Dental Association, Cesar Sabates, boldly stated, â€Å"I can’t afford to do Medicaid† (White, 2012, para 18). In essence, people belonging to minority and low-income populations suffer from more dental problems, but they have lesser access to quality oral care. Arguments supporting reduced dental costs focus mainly on the issues of employa bility and productivity. The first argument supporting reduced dental fees claim that affordable oral care services

The Vals Survey from strategic business insights Assignment

The Vals Survey from strategic business insights - Assignment Example I combine this with finding challenges within my own life, such as learning new things or experiencing something new. For the achiever, it is one that is a goal oriented lifestyle with a commitment to career and family. Structure and staying with the status quo are things which I can also relate to. I also show this in my personality with always creating goals. Even with my school work, I have a strong commitment to completing the degree and building a successful career in return. When looking at other roles, such as believers, thinkers and strivers, I find that I can’t relate to the activities or ideals and instantly reject these types of personalities. The product that I buy which fits into the innovator category is the newest technology. I am always looking at what the latest concepts are and subscribe to tech news online to browse through products, even if it is a digital alarm system for ice fishing. My most recent purchase is the Sony Ericcson XPERIA, which is like a min iature computer combined with a phone. I’m using this to replace my Blackberry and to see if there are extra components that work better. I’m interested in seeing how this will work together with the technology which is used while seeing if there is any new applications that work more efficiently for those interested in high end communication.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 59

Summary - Essay Example in a competitive edge by developing a treatment drug for Alzheimer’s disease, of which 18 million people suffer around the world, Pfizer decided in 2008 to give Medivation a large amount of $225 million and $500 million more if it was able to successfully produce Dimebon. The feasibility of the drug as well as the extravagance of the deal were widely criticized, though past evidence from Russia suggested that the development of such a drug was possible. However, when the drug was tested by introducing it to moderate Alzheimer’s patients in phase 3 trials, it failed to achieve the expected goals. Consequently, with the termination of the partnership contract, the dreams of the two companies to gain a substantial edge in the Pharmaceutical industry collapsed too. Since Medivation used to rely heavily on its partnership with Pfizer to generate returns, the extinction of the agreement has resulted in more serious financial losses for Medivation in contrast to Pfizer. This is certainly not a good signal for Medivation as well as Pfizer. The stoppage of the development of Dimebon has caused financial setbacks to both the companies. During the first three quarters of 2011, Medivation’s shares have dropped drastically by 3.3%. At the same time, Pfizer’s stock rose only slightly by 0.4%. The plans of the two companies to become future leaders in the market have crashed along with their product. Consequently, the financial outcomes are bound to remain low for at least sometime in the future. As far as the competitors of the two companies are concerned, they have been presented with a very good opportunity to gain an edge in the market. The competitors are already aware of the significance which Alzheimer’s drug holds and the amount of sales it could trigger. Moreover, information about the failure of Medivation and Pfizer in phase 3 trial will result in competitors being further careful in developing the product and avoiding the mistakes which were committed by

Clinical mangament plan and nurse prescribing of patient with urinary Essay

Clinical mangament plan and nurse prescribing of patient with urinary tract infection - Essay Example In terms of the development of nurse prescribing, the progress track and rationale is straightforward; when there is a fundamental need within the healthcare system, someone must step forward to meet that need. Given the demands placed on doctors by increased patient populations and the need to prioritize toward acute or emergency cases, it was a natural solution to begin to utilize nurses and expand their role within the system. As the professionals who have the greatest level of one-on-one contact with the patients, nurses are a logical and necessary extension of the primary care physician. To simply expand their capability to prescribe medications under a doctor’s supervision is not a great leap forward in terms of logic; particularly given the amount of efficiency it brings to the overall healthcare system. Within the clinical environment, however, there has been conflict within the medical community as the technical nature of treatment modalities has increased and, with a large nursing staff presence, there has been the opening for nurses to take on greater and more difficult medical duties than were previously associated with nursing. The profession itself has â€Å"striven for many years to throw away the handmaiden mantle and get itself [sic] recognized as a profession, independent of doctors† (Brown, Crawford, & Hicks, 2003: 348). The primary issue facing nurses in general—and nurse prescribers particularly—is that many doctors see a nurse’s ability to prescribe medication as an infringement upon their territory. As with any polarizing dynamic, this is an unhealthy situation for the patients. While there are traditional and legal boundaries between the duties and practices of doctors and nurses, it is unnecessary to engage in an outright turf war; only the patients will suffer. In the UK, there continues to be the development

Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol Essay Example for Free

Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol Essay Anyone who has walked through a forest or who enjoys the variety of fragrances that flowers have to offer knows that many plants and trees have their own distinctively pleasant odors. These odors are due to the volatile essential oils, many of which have been prized commodities since ancient times. If a list of commercially important essential oils was compiled the list would exceed 200 essential oils. Thyme, garlic, peppermint, and spearmint are but a few examples of the many essential oils used in commercial goods. Essential oils have many applications in the world that can range from flavor enhancement to perfumes. Some oils have also been found to have medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antifungal abilities. Chaulmoogra oil is one of the few know curative agents for leprosy. The oils can also be used in the paint industry, where turpentine is used as a solvent for many paint products. These oils are often found in the intracellular spaces and glands of plant tissue. The oils may be located throughout the entire plant, but are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers of the plant. Many of the essential oils are steam-volatile and can undergo steam distillation to isolate the oils. Another method of oil extraction from these plants is through both solvent extraction and pressing methods. The functional group that is mostly responsible for the characteristic odors and flavors of fruit and flowers is the ester. Although the ester composes most of the scents it is not totally responsible for all scents. Beside the ester functional group an essential oil can also possess complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl groups. These compounds usually belong to one of two groups of natural products called terpenes or phenylpropanoids. Investigation of the essential oils in the nineteenth century found that many of the pleasant odors we obtain from nature contained exactly 10 carbon atoms in the compound. These 10-carbon compounds later became known as terpenes if they were hydrocarbons. If the compound contained oxygen in an alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde functional group it was called a terpenoid. It was eventually found that minor and less volatile compounds containing 15, 20, 30, and 40 carbon atoms also exist that give an odor. Since the 10-carbon compounds were at the time called terpenes they changed the name to monoterpenes. The other terpenes were classified in the following way. Class

Identifying and Meeting the Needs of an Individual Client

Identifying and Meeting the Needs of an Individual Client Olufunmilayo Adegbore Am study this course healthcare support to help me gain a better and clear understanding of the best provision require to meet the needs of my clients and to become a healthcare assistant. In this assignment I will be discussing about three clients and will change their names for security purpose. I will be identifying and meeting the needs of my individual clients. Firstly I will discuss about my first client who is suffering from memory loss due to dementia, physical disability and social isolation a little background of my client. Julia a seventy-six years old woman, a lovely wife and mother with grandchildren. Her mother is a registered supervisor that supervised the little kids. Julia has always been very family oriented because she knows her family members are the people who will always be there to support her. Julia love travels a lot she been to Rome and she have a good time when she is in Rome and she have the opportunity to meet the pope in Rome. Julia family member took her to the GP because she was suffering from cough and Julia was transferred to the hospital because Julia has developed infection through the cough and she admitted in the hospital. Memory loss which can make it difficult to carry on a long and thoughtful conversation for example Julia thinking that her mother is still alive and she very distress because of the noisy environment and become confused and upset of the disoriented ward she been put in. this can be easily distracted. By maintaining a safe environment is everyone responsibility in Julia case she needs to be supervises to prevent her wandering the corridors or she may walk out front door. Julia supposed to be in a separate room that have much space to walk around because of slips trips falls or trying a barrier like a curtain to mask the door. Julia be very able to walk, stand and strong enough to pack her things by giving Julia a job such as folding laundry might help her to make her feel needed and useful and to support her independence and ability to care for herself. Showing Julia a family picture so that she can remember things and to make time for a regular exercise and GP appointment. By maintaining a safe environment locks high or low on the door has to be installing. To give Julia ability to maintain connectedness, social relationships and networks within and outside and also Julia should be engage in meaningful activities. To enable Julia to maintain contact link to the priest and family. And a meaningful relationships with those around her. Try distracting with a snack and cup of tea Meaningful and respectful engagement with Julia has to be encouraged. Julia should be treated with kindness, respect and consideration. To communicate with Julia and to make some connection with her through touch, sound or visual stimulation that can enhance her personhood and bring out the best in her. My personal learning is to make sure I look for her responses through her facial expression, the opening of the eyes and other eye contact, body or hand movement and her strong hand-grasp to observe a smile or giggle, to see her head turn in the direction of my sound to know that Julia is listening to the story or looking through the picture album showing to her then I know I make a difference and contributed to Julia quality of life. Mr jones is a 67 years old India man, who had lived long in Ireland with his family members, his family members was the one taking care of him, until they decide to take him to care home. Mr Jones was suffering from stroke, and he was stroke on the right side of his body. I will be using (Gibbs reflective cycle Gibbs, 1998.) to explain my points. Stroke is a disease that mostly affects people in the later part of their lives. Stroke attacks peoples brain either because of their life style or what they eat or as a result of some dysfunctional aspect of the body. In this regard American Heart association (2015) Said that A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carriers oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by clot or burst (raptures). When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it and brain cells die. Mr Jones like i said, has stroke on one side of his body, he cannot bath himself and feed himself because he is on a wheel chair and a little difficulty in his speech. Mr jones has difficulty in swallowing and this can cause fits of choking and coughing when he try to drink liquids and his loss of intellectual and thinking ability has a difficulty with his attention, concentration, and working out problem and his emotional distress. Mr Jones can still make use of his other hands, by holding the shower hand to run the water to his body, use the hand to brush his teeth, to comb his hair. By doing this I have to give Mr Jones independence by asking him if he can do any aspect of the bathing by using the other hands. By providing Mr jones wheel chair and took him for a walk to a nearby shopping mall for fresh air and to have a good communication and interaction with Mr jones and to arrange a GP visit for therapy for a day care basis and occupational therapist (OT) to assess Mr jones activities of daily living (washing, dressing etc.) physical abilities and to get Mr jones practising the techniques and to carry out daily living activities at weekends and in evenings. Maintaining safe environment special equipment such as hoist to make sure Mr Jones is moved safety. A special mattress designed to prevent pressure sores and by getting Mr Jones position is important in lying and sitting to support the weak side and to reduce muscle caused by inactivity and altered muscle tone. By adjusting the height of the armchairs and providing a handrail beside the toilet or bath and shower. Being easily distracted by noise, and other peoples conversation and showing responses and taking time to process what is be heard. My personal learning outcomes is to reduce as far as possible, background noise such as TV or radio and by keeping my sentences short and uncomplicated. By allowing Mr Jones to do things for himself it may take longer but I have to require a lot of patience. However it is well spent as it will help Mr Jones to rebuild his self-confidence. Currently m randy is 81 years old, and he reaching the end of his life, and his self-imposed isolation is being encroached upon by the forces of government. Mr Andy has lived all alone after his wife passing away 25 years ago, he lived on the shores Lake OHiggins in a house built from the remains of a shipwrecked fishing vessels. Mr Andy is a pastoralist in a small community of several hundred people, 25 miles away horseback ride through rugged mountain. One day Mr Andy makes this ride to sell his cattle in town when he had a fall and he was rush to the hospital, m randy doesnt like going to the hospital or a nursing home because he taught going to a nursing home makes someone useless. While Mr Andy he still in the hospital the social worker get involve in his case and he was being transfer to a nursing home for proper care. Mr Andy having problem with his health problem and disability to walk and to stand for a long period because Mr Andy is very old and his sensory impairment such as hearing loss. Based on Mr Andy lack of social relationships his strong risk factor for his mortality as physical activity makes him depress. Mr Andy can still maintain a balanced healthy and notorious diet because m randy is very fit and can walk and still able to do thing on his own. Social isolation has shown in Mr Andy and it has effect his health and well-being, by helping Mr Andy is by offering a counselling and support bereavement, local groups, offer a drop in centre and telephone advisory line for Mr Andy. To improve Mr Andy situation because he is very old man and not that strong anymore is to gather a smaller group of people who can share an interest for example bible study, gardening or sport and local activities that for an elderly people like Mr Andy and a daily activities like exercise and reading newspaper. Lonely people like Mr Andy need encouragement and guidance on how to be creative and to make a positive approach in meeting others, they should be allow to reaches others so that m randy retain active involve in his pattern of his own lives, rather than sitting and waiting for a doorbell to ring. My personal learning is to being nice to Mr Andy and taking trouble to find out his hopes and fears. Because m randy doesnt have anybody around him to visit him or call him on phone, I have to organise a visitors like priest, counselling or going on outings. Finally alternative therapies (e.g. massage and aromatherapy) can relieve Mr Andy. Looking at the challenges, the measures and the competences of my three clients makes me have a lot of knowledge to encourage them in their effort as to maintain independence that can provide them with sense of accomplishment in what they do and the ability to maintain independence always.

How to Write and Produce a Dissertation

How to Write and Produce a Dissertation Introduction While the course work is an important part of any doctoral program, it is the dissertation that is uniquely you. The topic chosen should be one that interests you, and that represents an area of study that you can use to identify you as one with special expertise in a particular area. Therefore, it is very important to proceed with forethought into the dissertation process. Choose the topic with care. Also be sure to choose your advisors carefully, as they will be your guides and mentors. This guidebook has been designed to provide you with the information you need to successfully complete this process. Read and follow it carefully. You are responsible for understanding and applying its contents. Research Criteria To produce a dissertation of which you and your school can be justly proud, it is essential that your dissertation meet certain quality standards that are generally recognized in graduate education. The following policy statement, by the Council of Graduate Schools, indicates in general terms what is expected. The document (doctoral dissertation) should demonstrate breadth of scholarship, depth of research, and ability to investigate problems independently and efficiently. It (dissertation) must be a significant contribution to scholarship. It should reveal the students ability to analyze, interpret, and synthesize; and demonstrate thorough knowledge of the literature relating to the project More specifically, the faculty of the School of Education has adopted the following criteria indicating that the doctoral research should: Present the relevance of existing theories to the problem. Include an original and unique dimension which builds on cited research. Enable the candidate to enter the national or regional debate. Be sufficiently broad from which to generalize to a larger audience. Acculturate the candidate to differing academic communities. Encourage the continuation of scholarly activity. Reflect the methodology appropriate to the type of research commonly found in dissertations. Dissertation Topic and Committee How do I get started? How is my committee formed? The first steps in producing a dissertation are (1) the selection of a topic (2) the selection and appointment of a research advisor and (3) the selection and appointment of a research committee to provide advisement throughout the process. Dissertation Topic Early in your doctoral studies, you should be thinking about research topics that interest you. Keep a notebook of ideas as they come to you. As you read for your various classes, add to or delete from your notebook of ideas. Talk informally with your professors. Find out their interests. Discuss- ing your ideas for potential dissertation topics with several faculty members helps you in selecting your topic and in choosing a committee. As your ideas about topics and committee members crystallize, you will want to discuss them with your adviser  and department chair. The topic you eventually select must be a topic useful to you and a topic of interest to a faculty member willing to serve as your advisor. Final selection of your topic will not occur until your coursework is nearly completed. You will need to consider such factors as the relationship of  your topic to your field of specialized study. Select a topic related to an area of academic strength in which you can conduct research responsibly. Finally, be sure that adequate La Sierra University resources are available for the support of the research, such as faculty guidance, library holdings (or access to relevant documents), and laboratory facilities. The Research Advisor The dissertation committee chair is the first member of the committee selected. The responsibility for  assigning a chair ultimately rests  with the dean, but you have the initial responsibility to find a chair  that is willing to work with you and is interested in your topic. This  chair must be a faculty member within  the School of Education and is usually an individual in your major department. Because it is important to have a chair who has an interest in your  proposed topic, you should have a  chair assigned before you enroll in  the final research methods class, EDRS  704. Finally, make your formal request for the  assignment of the chair to the dean. Dissertation Committee Your dissertation committee must contain at  least three members. The membership shall consist of a chair, one additional faculty  member from within the School of  Education, and one faculty member that may be within the larger La Sierra University faculty, or possibly a faculty member in  a different University. Approach potential committee members directly asking about their relationship to  your possible topic and whether they would have an interest in serving on  your committee. When you have agree- ment from all your potential committee members, be sure to report back to the dean for  final assignment of your committee. The chair carries the primary responsibility for guiding you through your dissertation and is the person  with whom you work most closely. An  easy, working relationship with your  committee chair is most important. The responsibilities of the chair are to: (1) provide guidance for the disserta- tion proposal and act as chairperson  during the committee meetings, (2) supervise completion of the disserta- tion, and (3) act as chairperson of  the final oral defense. The responsibilities of the committee members are to: (1) provide additional advisement to the student and/or act as a chairperson in the absence of the chairperson, (2) serve on a committee to read the dissertation proposal and participate during consideration of the proposal, and (3) serve on a committee to read the dissertation and participate during the final oral defense. In addition to the three (or more)  committee members, each dissertation The Proposal What is the proper format for a proposal? What are the steps in getting a proposal approved? The proposal serves as a contract between the student and the dissertation committee that, when approved by all parties, constitutes an agreement that data may be collected and the study may be completed. As long as the student follows the steps outlined in the proposal, committee members should be discouraged from demanding significant changes to the study after the proposal has been approved. Naturally, it is not uncommon to expect small changes, additions or deletions, because one can never envision the unpredictable turns that studies can take. The dissertation proposal is designed to show the purpose and organization of your research. The proposal gives your committee enough information to determine whether the topic your are investigat- ing and the procedures you will be using will be appropriate. Proposal Development The Research Methods Class, EDRS  704a or 704b, is designed to help you understand the process of writing a  formal research proposal and, hopefully, in the class you will have  completed or nearly completed the  research proposal. Regardless, this class will be a valuable resource,  although final proposal approval is a responsibility of your committee. Proposal Format and Content In both the proposal and the dissertation you are   to follow the latest edition of The School of Educa- tion Doctoral Dissertation Handbook and the American Psychological Association Publication Manual, 5th edition. Unless otherwise indicated by your committee, your proposal will generally consist of the follow- ing chapters and sections: Chapter 1 Purpose and Organization Introduction and background of the study Statement of the problem Purpose of the study/significance of study Theoretical foundation Research questions and null hypotheses Limitations and delimitations Definition of Terms Summary and outline of the remainder of the proposal Chapter 2 Review of Related Material Include an overview and description of represen- tative literature that supports the methodology used in the research. For certain types of research (such as statistical or clinical studies) this may require a brief description of procedures and instrumentation of previous studies. This review is not expected to be as extensive as the completed Chapter 2 in the final dissertation. A typical outline for this chapter is as follows: Summaries and critiques of previous studies Analysis of theories which bear on the studies Unresolved Issues, significant  problems or questions requiring further study. Evidence that the specific study proposed arises out of needs demonstrated in this chapter and that the proposed study could fill in gaps or add to substantive or theoreti- cal understanding Summary Chapter 3 Research Methodology Listed below are the most common sections to be included in this chapter. For some studies such as historical, philosophical, or  developmental studies, other items would be proper. Introduction Population and sample Description of instrument(s) Research procedures and time period of the study Analytical procedures to be used to attain the objectives, test the hypotheses, or respond to the research questions of the study Summary Preparation of Your Proposal You must prepare your proposal in a logical, polished form. Your committee judges your fitness to conduct research on your topic based on the quality of the proposal. If you have any problems with the English language, we advise you to employ the services of  an editorial assistant who can aid you in presenting to your committee polished prose in approved format and style. Your committee is not respon- sible to be your editor or writer. As a researcher, these responsibilities are yours. Committee Involvement During the preparation of your proposal you have opportunity to establish a working relationship with your committee chair. First submit all drafts to your committee  chair for evaluation and comment. After your committee chair has given approval, share the draft with the  other members of your committee. You must maintain this approach throughout the writing of the dissertation. When both your committee chair and the members of your committee have had opportunity to evaluate your proposal, request your committee chair to call your committee for formal consider- ation of your proposal. For this meeting, you must furnish one copy of your dissertation proposal to your committee chair and each committee member. Your committee, in formal face-to-face meeting discusses your proposal and questions you on any parts they believe may need revision. The committee will then discuss whether or not they will give approval to your proposal. They may or may not invite you to remain for this session. Consult with your com- mittee chair. Faculty Research Specialist Each dissertation committee shall receive formal input, in writing, from a faculty research specialist prior to the time of proposal approval. Institutional Research Board (IRB) If you are conducting research involving human subjects as part of your degree program, you must submit a proposal of research to the Institution of Review Board (IRB) for approval. This proposal includes: a general summary of the purpose of the study, a detailed description of the study, the letter of informed consent to be signed by the  subjects or their parents/guardians, and the copies of tests to be administered (if other than well- known standard tests). Detailed guidelines concerning this proposal are available in the office of the chairperson of the IRB. A report from the IRB should be attached to the final approved proposal. 6 Only after approval of your proposal are your  ready to begin collection of the data for the dissertation itself. Dissertation How does my committee function? What is the role of consultants? What are the contents of a dissertation? An excellently produced dissertation will demon- strate your familiarity with the literature pertinent to the topic, demonstrate your competence to conduct independent research and present a logically organized and readable account of the investigation, its findings, conclusions, and impli- cations. It should focus on a clearly defined  problem of strong importance to the profession and employ well planned and executed acceptable research techniques. Working with the Committee The chair of your dissertation committee carries the primary responsibility for guiding the disserta- tion and holds the prerogative of deciding when draft copy is or is not ready for examination by the other members of the committee. The preferred method of dissertation development in the School of Education is chapter-by-chapter submission to the committee, however, the committee chair has the privilege of choosing another procedure with the consent of the committee. When your committee chair has cleared a  chapter or section, prepare copies to present to the other members of your committee. After receiving their response, move on to the next chapter or section. It is well not to begin a new chapter for your dissertation until you resolve all questions on the previous chapter. If you have not heard from your committee members within a reasonable period, consult with your committee chair. In qualitative research, questions will continue to surface until the end of the study. Therefore, work  on several chapters may proceed simultaneously. Plan to pace your submissions to your committee  chair and members. Professors should be given opportunity to read you material thoughtfully. Plan on approximately two weeks time. Do not  expect committee members to respond to your time schedule. Working with Consultants It is possible that you may wish or need to  consult with individuals with special expertise such as statisticians or editors. Use such consultants discriminatingly to assist in developing your own understanding of and ability to communicate the various dimensions of the study. Arrangement of Contents Every dissertation consists of three parts: prelimi- nary pages, text, and reference materials. In addition, it must have an abstract. All the pages of these parts occur in a certain order and are counted and/or numbered according to specific rules. The following outlines incorporate a step by step excursion through the skeleton of the dissertation. Not every dissertation will need every heading. Some dissertations, on the other hand, may need  to add headings not mentioned here or subdivide some of these. Keep in mind there is no standard outline all dissertations are required to follow, however, this is a suggested guideline. It must be understood that this outline may not be suffi- ciently comprehensive to fit all studies and that modifications, deletions, or additions may be made  as needed. Quantitative Dissertation The following items are normally in a quantita- tive dissertation. The items to include and the location of the items within sections may vary. For more detailed descriptions regarding each section, refer to published guide books to a doctoral dissertation. Front Matter Title page Abstract Acknowledgments (optional) Dedication (optional) Table of contents List of tables, figures and illustration Chapter 1 Purpose and Organization Introduction and background of the study Statement of the problem Purpose of the study/significance of study Theoretical foundation Research questions and null hypotheses Limitations and delimitations Assumptions and definition of terms Organization of the document Chapter 2 Review of Related Material Introduction Summaries and critiques of previous studies Analysis of theories which bear on the studies Unresolved issues, significant problems and  unanswered questions requiring study Evidence that the specific study proposed arises out of needs demonstrated in this chapter and that the proposed study could fill in gaps or add to substantive or theoreti- cal understanding Summary Chapter 3 Research Methodology Introduction Population and sample Description of instrument(s) Research procedures and time period of the study How the data are to be analyzed to attain the objectives, test the hypotheses, or respond to the research questions of the study Chapter 4 Results (or Findings) of the Analysis of Data Introduction Results (of findings) regarding the first hy- pothesis, or question being investigated   Results of findings regarding the second (and others in sequence) Results regarding interactions, if any, among the hypotheses or research questions  Results and findings on matters not planned as  part of the study but which were uncovered in the investigation course and which are relevant Summary Chapter 5 Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations Introduction Conclusions drawn regarding the hypotheses, or research questions as stated in Chapter 1 (Each is dealt with as a topic separately. If  there are interactions among some or all of the objectives, hypotheses, or research questions, those interactions are treated as separate topics.) Summary Recommendations for further studies and programmatic recommendations End Matter Reference and notes Appendices Qualitative Dissertation Qualitative dissertations are field focused and therefore allow the researcher to approach writing the dissertation with flexibility in format. For more detailed descriptions regarding each section, refer to published guidebooks to a doctoral dissertation. Front Matter Title page Abstract Acknowledgments (optional) Dedication (optional) Table of contents List of tables, figures and illustration Chapter 1 Introduction Background, history and/or theoretical orientation of the study Purpose of the study Description of the site Questions in the study Importance of the study Chapter 2 Review of the Literature Analysis of previous related studies Analysis of related theoretical literature Relationship of the literature to the current  study Chapter 3 Methodology Description of the study Research design (The research design will be planned in cooperation with the doctoral committee.) Analysis Chapters 4+ Presentation of the Findings These chapters will present the findings in a  manner appropriate to a given study. There may be one or several chapters needed to present the study. Arguments will be well formed, insightful and grounded in the  study. Theoretical arguments will be formed from the data and presented in a coherent  and informative manner. Final Chapter Conclusion This chapter will present the conclusions drawn from the study, relate the findings to broader theoretical issues, critique the precess used, and describe implications which could affect other similar sites. End Matter Reference and notes Appendices Form and Style What are the typing rules for my dissertation? Who is the final authority on form and style? What kind of paper do I use? The School of Education Doctoral  Dissertation Handbook must be used in conjunction with the American Psycho- logical Association Publication  Manual, 5th edition. Where there are  discrepancies between the APA publica- tion manual and The School of Education Handbook, the doctoral disserta- tion handbook is to be followed. Production Dissertations shall be produced by a word processor. All dissertations are to be printed in black ink, using standard 10-12 point fonts, and using only one side of the page. Text must be clean, straight, and dark enough to be read and duplicated easily. Final copies must be laserprinted. Paper All copies shall be produced on standard size 8-1/2 x 11 paper. For draft copies, use white bond of at least 20 pound weight. Final copies shall be run on high quality paper; 20 pound bond with at least 25 percent rag content. To insure longer shelf life, use an acid-free paper with a minimum of 2% alkaline reserve. Margins The left-hand margin must be 1 1/2 inches and all other margins must be a full 1 inch. The initial page of a chapter or a major section (i.e., table of  contents, references, etc.) has a 2-inch margin at the top of the page. Absolutely nothing may be outside of these margins, except for the page  number. Do not use right or full justification. Page Numbering Preliminary pages Preliminary pages that precede the main text are numbered with lower case Roman numerals. The  title page is not numbered but is  considered as the first page. If you  elect to register a copyright, enclose a copyright page, but do not number it or include it in the pagination sequence. Subsequent numerals are centered 3/4 inch from the bottom edge of the paper. Main text All pages are numbered at the top, 1 inch from the right margin, above the  text. The first page of the disserta- tion text is page 1. All pages must be numbered consecutively. To keep their location and size uniform throughout the disserta- tion, page numbers are added after reducing tables or figures.

Economic Impact Of A Sports Facility :: essays research papers

Feasibility Study Before a facility's economic impact can be determined, a feasibility study should be done to excite the community members about the facility. The purpose of a feasibility study is to "provide research information about the community, special interest groups, and its use as a decision making tool in the community" (Farmer, Montgomery, Ammon, Jr. 12). In essence, this study is done to assure the community that building a sports facility is right for them and that their money will not go to waste. It also let's them know why their area is the most feasible for the facility. It also gives them non-economic influences such as civic pride in their team. If they have more than just economic reasons to approve the stadium, they will not need that much more influence to vote yes. The main points of the study should include estimated economic benefits to the owner of the team and facility, the short term costs along with term costs, and cultural or economic loses and benefits to the community. The cost of the study usually runs about $.08 per person in the community. (E.g. 75,000 people = $6,000 cost) When doing these studies, the city offices need to hire outside firms and specialist such as accountants and economists. These people will bring credibility to the studies, which will look good to the people in the community. The weakness with hiring these outside firms is that they are in this for themselves and may not understand what you are trying to do. If they do not understand how this is intended to be a positive influence on your residents, they may not focus on the positive points as much as the officials would like. When the financing of the facility needs to be determined, it forces the city officials to put together where the money they need is going to come from. They can take from the community, take from the owner of the teams, or hire an entirely new owner for the building. Before a facility is built, there may be need to schedule dates for events in advance and collect deposits to help pay for the construction. By attracting a prime tenant immediately, many dates on the calendar will be filled and attracting a prime tenant immediately will put a nice sum of money into the development funds for the facility. Also, setting dates for other events can contribute to the facility funding. Economic Impact Of A Sports Facility :: essays research papers Feasibility Study Before a facility's economic impact can be determined, a feasibility study should be done to excite the community members about the facility. The purpose of a feasibility study is to "provide research information about the community, special interest groups, and its use as a decision making tool in the community" (Farmer, Montgomery, Ammon, Jr. 12). In essence, this study is done to assure the community that building a sports facility is right for them and that their money will not go to waste. It also let's them know why their area is the most feasible for the facility. It also gives them non-economic influences such as civic pride in their team. If they have more than just economic reasons to approve the stadium, they will not need that much more influence to vote yes. The main points of the study should include estimated economic benefits to the owner of the team and facility, the short term costs along with term costs, and cultural or economic loses and benefits to the community. The cost of the study usually runs about $.08 per person in the community. (E.g. 75,000 people = $6,000 cost) When doing these studies, the city offices need to hire outside firms and specialist such as accountants and economists. These people will bring credibility to the studies, which will look good to the people in the community. The weakness with hiring these outside firms is that they are in this for themselves and may not understand what you are trying to do. If they do not understand how this is intended to be a positive influence on your residents, they may not focus on the positive points as much as the officials would like. When the financing of the facility needs to be determined, it forces the city officials to put together where the money they need is going to come from. They can take from the community, take from the owner of the teams, or hire an entirely new owner for the building. Before a facility is built, there may be need to schedule dates for events in advance and collect deposits to help pay for the construction. By attracting a prime tenant immediately, many dates on the calendar will be filled and attracting a prime tenant immediately will put a nice sum of money into the development funds for the facility. Also, setting dates for other events can contribute to the facility funding.

Logic and Moral Dilemmas Essay -- Logical Philosophy Philosophical Pap

Logic and Moral Dilemmas ABSTRACT: Logic is of great importance for the philosophy of education. In particular, logic provides a rational and critical approach in ethics, helping us understand the nature of moral dilemmas. Some suggest that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. Unsolvable moral situations simply reflect implicit inconsistencies in our existing moral code. If we are to remain moral as well as logical, then we must restore consistency to our code. This is accomplished by adding exception clauses to current principles, and giving priorities to some principles over others, or by some other device. I argue that we must accept moral dilemmas as an essential part of real-life reality on the grounds that some moral statements concern values. According to Moore's "axiological thesis," whether these statements are true depends on two factors: the set of alternatives from which we make an evaluation, and the scale of values with which we rate them. Also, it is po ssible that a given alternative is no better than another in some respect. Furthermore, there is no respect in which they are equally good or equally bad (the so-called "Condorcet's effect"). Thus, we must accept moral dilemmas as real rather than apparent. Among all the spheres of philosophy of education logic is of great importance. In particular it is logic that provides the rational and critical approach in ethics. So logic help us to understand the nature of moral dilemmas. It has been suggested that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. So our being faced with unsolvable moral situation merely reflected an implicit inconsistency in our existing moral code and that we forced... ...sibus perplexis// Th. Hobbes. A dialogue between a philosopher and a student for the common laws of England. Leibniz G.W. Specimen difficultatis in jure seu dissertatio de casibus perplexis. Doctrina conditiorum. De legum interpretatione/ Ed. by T.Ascarelli. Milano: Giuffre, 1960.P.267-302. 5. Lemmon E.J. Moral Dilemmas// Moral Dilemmas/ Ed. by Christopher W. Gowans. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.P.101-114. 6. Lemmon E.J. Deontic Logic and the Logic of Imperatives// Logique et Analyse. 1965. Vol. VII. No.2. P.39-61. 7. Moore G.E. Principia Ethica. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1960. 8. Rescher N. Ethical Idealism: An Inquiry into the Nature and Function of Ideals. Berkeley,etc.:University of California Press, 1987. 9. Schlesinger G.N. The Sweep of Probability. Notre Dame & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.

College Admissions Essay: What I Want from College :: College Admissions Essays

What I Want from College    My high school is completely project-based. We've designed restaurants, traveled to Mars, redone the trials of Exxon-Valdez and Bhopal, and had our own Olympics. All of our academic subjects integrate into the projects. In 11th grade, second trimester, the assignment was to build and maintain a utopian society on Mars. As part of the project, I was asked to define the value system of my group's utopia by ranking the importance of ten qualities that make a successful city, including health care, pollution, transportation, education, housing, entertainment, and others. I wondered how I would even begin.    I looked at my classmates, some of whom were talking, sleeping, or simply bored. Suddenly, I realized what my utopia would contain. Of course, my class's lapse in attention was only temporary. But what of those consistently apathetic students and tedious classes? What would happen if every student in the classroom were involved, inquisitive, and motivated?    And so, Edutopia, my utopia, solidified in my mind. Its first and foremost priority was that of an education, and not merely of a high school or undergraduate level. Students of Edutopia would have every opportunity to follow whatever educational pursuits they desired, on Mars. I set out to build a society that respected intellect. And throughout the next trimester, I did.    After my completion of the project, I re-examined my career and life goals. Before I discovered that Edutopia was my idea of paradise, I had never realized that education was so important to me. When I did, though, I decided to pursue a career in education.    Cornell University has all the resources I need to further develop my intellectual interests.

Glory of women Essay

Siegfried Sassoons Glory of Women is a poem depicting the roles which women played during World War I. The poem is made up of a series of sarcastic statements about women. Sassoon attempts to use these statements to convey the cruel and ironic side of the war that women do not tend to see. Glory of Women is a war-time lyric, constructed of 14 lines, with a varied rhyme scheme of ABABABAB CDECDE making it a Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet. It is divided into two sections, the octave which consists of the first eight lines, and the sestet the final six lines. It is written in iambic pentameter, which helps clarify the meaning of the poem as you read it. The title of the poem itself is ambiguous, posing the question whether womens roles during war are glorious as the soldiers on the battlefield. A number of techniques were used in this poem to communicate Sassoons idea of emotional truth about the war. Sassoon speaks directly to the readers by writing in second person You, an attempt to involve the readers and bring attention to those he directed this poem at women. He also uses assonance which creates a euphonious effect when being read. The poem begins with a praising tone, with sarcasm and bitterness scattered throughout the rest of its content. You love us when we’re heroes, home on leave, Or wounded in a mentionable place. depicts womens ignorance in regards to war, believing soldiers to be heroes only when they are wounded in a mentionable place. The Great War offered many job opportunities for women that had long been denied them. You make us shells. portray the many women who were recruited into munitions factories during the war. This line is ironic in a sense that it is the shells that kill the soldiers, whether they be British or German. It is a juxtaposition to line 8 And mourn our laurelled memories when we’re killed, depicting that the women make shells that kill soldiers, and are therefore further heating the conflict of war, creating more deaths and mourning. Strong imageries were presented in the final three lines of the poem, a  German mother knitting socks for her son while he lay dead in the mud. This imagery shows the ignorance and how much knowledge and experience women have about the truth of war. It is intended to distress those women who tend to spend time at home, and have no idea of the brutality of war that Sassoon and many other soldiers had experienced. This imagery is also a contrast of women and mens roles during The Great War. Sassoon is anguished by the fact that women sit at home comfortably while soldiers are risking their lives on the battlefield. The imageries from the final three lines also depict that whether it be British or German, the soldiers are all individuals. His face is trodden deeper in the mud. allowed readers to empathize with the honour that dead soldiers often receive. German soldiers also have women to mourn their laurelled memories when they are killed. The emotions that Sassoon portrayed in this poem are both horrifying and miserable. Trampling the terrible corpses – blind with blood. describes the realism of war, in contrast to By tales of dirt and danger fondly thrilled. Sassoon believes that women perceive war as a heroic story, where in reality it is full of blood and violence. Therefore, the title and the content of this compelling and powerful poem are written in pure irony. In Sassoons opinion, women cannot earn glory by knitting at home, nor by making shells that encourage further killings. The use of narration in second person effectively leaves readers with an understanding of the brutality of war, and an insight into the roles which women played during World War I. References Sassoon, S. Glory of Women, The Norton Anthology of Literature vol. 2, 2000. Kanaya, T. Sassoon’s Use of Irony in â€Å"Glory of Women†, http://www.haverford.edu/engl/english354/GreatWar/Sassoon/Sasslehr.html, 1997. Lehr, A. On Glory Of Women by Siegfried Sassoon, http://www.haverford.edu/engl/english354/GreatWar/Sassoon/Sasslehr.html, 1999.

Christo and Jeane Claude Essay

Christo and Jeane Claude are a husband and wife team. These two artists are famous for transforming the ordinary into fabulous artwork, such as wrapping buildings. They accept no government grants or funding, no donations, their only income is from the sales of their artwork. Nearly all of their artshows take place outdoors, often in public parks requiring no admission fees. Their identity or famous slogan as the wrapping artists came from their controversial work named Wrapped Reichstage, Berlin, 1971-1995, an entire German Parliament Building in silver fabric looking like a wedding cake. (Sternbergh,no date). Many significant national symbols have been transformed and giving new identities by many artists. Buildings, nature’s creations, world events have become best selling books, movies, musicals, songs and plays. Anytime an artist develops anything, adding their identity to it, the item takes on that new image. The Christos saw buildings in a way no one else saw it. The Reichstage building in Berlin became a piece of sculpture or artwork when Christo and Jeane Claude wrapped the building. Artwork expands on natural traditions, allowing others to use their imaginations to interpret the meanings. â€Å"The Christos have created some of the most breathtaking works of the 20th century using fabric in, over through and around natural and constructed forms† Powell, director of national art gallery. The Christos use fabric to give an original style to traditional paintings, sculptures and buildings† (no author, 2002).Wrapping the Reichstage building, giving the illusion of a wedding cake transformed the building into an artistic sculpture. Notes; Sternbergh, Adam (no date) The passion of the Christos; New York Entertainment; nymag. com date retrieved July 24, 2007 http://nymag. com/nymetro/arts/features/10897/ No author (2/4/2002) First American Survey of Christo and Jeanne Claude; artdaily. org; Date retrieved; July 24, 2007 http://www. artdaily. com/section/news/index. asp? int_sec=2&int_new=48&b=Christo%20and%20Jeanne-Claude

Public adminstration Essay

When an employee is told to do his/her work, they do and they get paid for it. This has been the standard work style since the beginning of man; but what if there was a way to work that the employees were not just a cogs in a machine but a real worker. Frederick Taylor outlines this idea in his essay entitled â€Å"Scientific Management†. Taylors essay describes the â€Å"initiative and incentive† system and how this system is good, but the initiative is obtained with irregularity. With scientific management, absolute regularity is almost always the outcome (Taylor 37). This is achieved because the management takes on huge burdens that used to fall to the employee. In this new system of management, the employee is not just a number. This system is more personal so that way employees feel more in touch with management and will do more and better work. Taylor stated in his essay that management takes on extraordinary burdens and duties (Taylor 37). So what burdens does management take on? The burdens taken on by management are divided into four sections. First, the deliberate gathering of traditional knowledge of the work place (Taylor 37). This is done to reduce the amount of red tape so that management is left with laws, rules and mathematical formulas for the workplace (Taylor 37). With this being done it makes the workplace a safer and friendly environment to work in. Output is higher, in quality and quantity, wages go up for the workers, and gives the company larger profits. Public administration tries to apply this to bureaucracy so it can streamline policy enforcement and get constituents services faster. The second section from Taylors essay describes how management needs to study there employees for their strengths and weaknesses. When management sees an employee’s strength and weaknesses, they need to focus on training the employee’s weaknesses to make it a strength (Taylor 38). In public administration, this principle is put to use to better a public servants relationship with their constituents. Taylor’s third section describes the bringing of science into the workplace and its effect on individual workers. Taylor describes that unless you bring some sort of scientific management into the workplace, all of your labor will be for nothing (Taylor 38). That is why the job of management is to tell the workers what specific job they need to accomplish for the day. In public administration, we see this on a  day to day basis. Management tells you your task for the day and you do it. Simple enough? The last piece of Taylor’s essay describes that the work for any business has to be almost split in half in the sense of labor production. The division is so great that, until recently, companies that use the scientific management principles had never had employees go on strike. This is one section that public administration lacks in. This is the principle that would make everyone in the work place equal and the amount of labor would be equally split between management and employees. Mr. Taylor’s essay talks in great detail on how companies need to focus less on better services toward individuals and focus on more on their employees. Mr. Kettl explains why this is the best course of action. Public administration draws some principles form scientific management but needs to incorporate more in there day to day business. As Kettl states â€Å"bureaucratic work takes the humanity out of individuals† (Kettl 90). Taylor says that companies need to focus on more there employees so that production levels will increase. Kettl has almost the exact same idea but applies it to the bureaucracy instead of a company. The main point Kettl and Taylor are trying to get across is this; if employers will focus more on employees and less about making money, then there profits will increase and employees will stay with companies longer. Overall, Fredrick Taylor’s ideas and principles are worth putting into action. I know in my first job, if management had been more personal with myself and other employees of their business then I would have stayed longer with that business. Taylor’s ideas should be put into actio n around the US and the world to make the workplace friendlier and employees happier.

Additonal Needs, unit 26 Essay

There are three different types of additional needs, these three are: Physical, cognitive and sensory. The reason why people experience additional needs are: Genetic, environmental/accidents- such as: sickness or disease. A physical need is something that affected individuals in a physical way, such as: Dwarfism affects people physically since it can be harder for them to do certain physical things the same as somebody who doesn’t suffer from a physical additional need. A cognitive need is something that affects individual’s intectually – the brain. This can be caused by a lot of things such as: environment and genetics etc. Lastly a sensory need affects a person’s senses, such as: hearing, touch, sight and smell. Physical need: Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy affects a child’s movement and coordination and that why it is a physical additional need. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain, which usually occurs before, during or soon after birth. Known possible causes of cerebral palsy include: premature birth or bleeding in the baby’s brain. There are also many different types of cerebral palsy that can affect a child, for example: (Athetoid (dyskinetic) Cerebral Palsy and Ataxic Cerebral Palsy. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay http://www.scope.org.uk/help-and-information/cerebral-palsy/further-info-on-cp) (It is also estimated that 1 in every 400 children in the UK is affected by cerebral palsy. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cerebralpalsy1.shtml). Unfortunately there is no cure for Cerebral Palsy but there is a wide range of treatments to help relieve the service user. Lastly cerebral palsy is not genetic since it happens during or just after pregnancy. Having cerebral palsy may affect an individual’s development since: individuals may suffer with muscle stiffness, and this could affect a person’s physical development since they may not be able to run around or carry out physical activities with their peers. A person with Cerebral Palsy could suffer with speech problems, and this could affect the person’s social development, this is because they may have low confidence with their ability to speak, and they may think that other people may find it hard to understand them, and ultimately could affect their social development. These are just a few things I have discussed that could affect a person who has Cerebral palsy.

Warfarin Vs dabigatran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Warfarin Vs dabigatran - Essay Example Any discrepancy in diet mediated intensity of vitamin K, directly influences the efficacy and dose dependency of Warfarin for the patient. It is essential to determine appropriate therapeutic dosages on individual basis by means of standardized clotting test (international normalized ratio [INR]). Although, Warfarin potentially diminishes the risk of stroke in AF patients by ~ 68%, patient compliance with treatment (time in therapeutic range [TTR]) is a noteworthy predicament because of the essential periodic supervision of dose efficacy and the risk of major bleeding events (Ezekowitz, 2007). On the contrary, Dabigatran does not entail labor and time intensive monitoring and therefore expected to provide enhanced patient compliance over Warfarin. Atrial fibrillation is asymptomatic and generally not life-threatening. It augments the risk of stroke as well as systemic embolisms as the upper chambers of the heart begin to beat irregularly, impairing the efficiency of blood flow. Sympt oms found to be associated encompass rapid heart rate, palpitation, shortness of breath, dizziness, faint or fatigue. Reduced flow of blood results in blood pooling in the heart chambers which may culminate into clot formation. When such clots enter the brain it results in stroke, it is therefore essential for physicians to prescribe anticoagulants to prevent formation of clots. The prevalence of AF in the United States display augmentation from 10% for individuals above 80 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2003). Deaths associated to AF affect 1 in 4000 cases per year, of these, 84% cases are reported to be above 75. Warfarin was drug of choice for past decades as an effective oral anticoagulant to prevent and treat thromboembolism. Over the years researchers were constantly trying to relieve patients from troubles related to diet and drug interactions. Three randomized, controlled trials are available on the safety and efficacy of Dabigatran, they are summarized b elow- Atrial fibrillation patients frequently suffer from coronary artery disease, which is the focus of a Dabigatran phase II clinical trial, to establish its safety in combination with aspirin (Ezekowitz et al., 2007). Three Dabigatran doses (50, 150, and 300 mg) were administered twice daily to patients for 12 weeks, unaided or in combination with 81 or 325 mg aspirin, thereby generating nine experimental groups. The patients treated with Warfarin (INR = 2.0-3.0) were used as a control. The primary outcome of concern was bleeding events encompassing major (6% increase, p < 0.02) or all sorts of bleeding events (26% increase, p = 0.0003), that was reported in patients treated with 300 mg Dabigatran twice a day along with aspirin. On the other hand, 50 mg Dabigatran was less likely to cause bleeding as compared to other conditions (15% increase vs. 300 mg p = 0.0002; 11% increase vs. 150 mg p = 0.01; 11% increase vs. Warfarin, p = 0.044). On the contrary, two embolisms reported in the study were from the cases taking 50 mg Dabigatran twice daily, unaided or accompanied by 81 mg aspirin. On the other hand result indicates that 50 mg Dabigatran, with or without 81 mg aspirin, does not accomplish successful shielding against stroke or systemic embolisms. This possibility was sustained by finding

Role of Technology in Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Role of Technology in Terrorism - Essay Example This paper will expansively present how technology plays a pivotal role in terrorism when selecting target areas. "Much terrorist behavior is less than rational, and suicide is not the act of a rational person. Many experts (Ganor 2000; Schweitzer 2000) have commented on the tendency for modern terrorists to use suicide attacks. In fact, theIslamic Jihad(there are several Islamic Jihads started in the 1980s, all stemming from inside the Muslim Brotherhood movement started in the 1920s) have specialized in the use of suicide bombers, which involve a person wearing explosives or detonating a vehicle packed with explosives." (The Readiness to Kill and Die). Suicide Bombers have been used time and again to carry out difficult missions, terrorists who have stern determination are selected for this mission and a live bomb with a timer is tied to their body in order to accomplish the mission. The Suicidal tendency of the terrorists is time and again capitalized upon by several terrorist organizations. "Suicide terrorism, which is also called a suicide mission or a martyrdom operation, among other terms, is something of a growth industry because in 2005 alone, there were 555 such attacks around the world (Gambetta 2005). Poverty is the main cause of people turning towards terrorism; no one is foolish enough to blow himself up for no reason. The terrorists' organization take good care of the family members of the terrorists and the same motivates more and more people to become actively involved in several terrorists' activities; this is the only reason why the world is yet to come up with a fool-proof system to counter this long standing men ace. "There is a lot of propaganda and window-dressing surrounding suicide terrorism. Most of the myths about it are tied to specific contexts. The fact is: suicide terrorism can occur in a number of settings, both indoor and out; it is not confined to the Middle East; it indirectly can serve numerous terrorist purposes; and because of this, some people say it may very well be the kind of terrorism the world is likely to see more of in the future." (Bloom 2005). Bioterrorism Bioterrorism is consistently on the rise because it is very easy to obtain Biological weapons and another influential factor is that it causes fear of much larger magnitude when compared to the other weapons used by the terrorists. The biggest motive of terrorists when biological weapons are used is to cause immense fear in the minds of the people. Anthrax is a very popular biological weapon used by the terrorists, in the year 2001 the people in the US suffered a lot because of Anthrax menace, it was later found that the terrorists deliberately did the same in order to weaken the bio defence system in the US. Anthrax was used in several mails in the US and when the recipients opened the mails the anthrax spread thorough their nostrils entering into their body. Anthrax is more than capable of causing death unless the patient is immediately attended to. Of late anthrax has become out dated and no such cases have been reported but terrorists are consistently finding new ways to spread